基于地形梯度的青藏高原冰川分布格局及成因

doi:10.13866/j.azr.2024.02.06

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目前，冰川分布与变化的影响机理还存在不确定机制。为探究地形因子对冰川分布格局的影响，本文以第6版Randolph冰川编目数据和NASADEM为数据源，运用均值变点法、分布指数和地理探测器等方法，对青藏高原冰川在地形起伏度、海拔、坡度和坡向等地形梯度上的分布格局及其与地形因子之间的响应关系进行分析。结果表明：（1）青藏高原冰川对坡向、坡度的适宜性较广，对地形起伏度、海拔的选择性较强，且在高地形起伏度、高海拔上呈现优势分布。（2）地形对冰川发育影响较大，各地形因子对冰川空间分布的影响显著不同。海拔和地形起伏度是控制冰川分布的主要因素，且交互探测结果表明二者共同作用对冰川空间分异性影响最大。（3）在海拔和地形起伏度梯度上，喜马拉雅山脉冰川优势分布范围最广，其次是喀喇昆仑山脉，其余10座山脉冰川的优势分布均呈近似正态分布，但不同山脉形态各异。

关键词: 冰川分布, 地形梯度, 分布指数, 地理探测器, 青藏高原

Abstract:

The formation and development of glaciers depend on a combination of topographic conditions and climatic factors, such as precipitation and temperature. However, the mechanisms underlying glacier distribution and variation remain uncertain. Our study aims to explore the relationship between glacier distribution patterns and topographical factors and uncover the driving forces behind them. To accomplish this, we utilized the Randolph Glacier Inventory version 6 and NASADEM for our analysis. Initially, we derived four key topographical factors based on NASADEM: relief degree of land surface (RDLS), altitude, slope, and aspect. Because the calculation of RDLS has scale dependence, the key is to determine the optimal analysis window using the average change-point analysis approach. The identified optimal analysis window size for RDLS evaluation in the study area was a rectangular neighborhood of 36 × 36 pixels, corresponding to an area of approximately 1.17 km². Subsequently, we examined glacier distribution patterns across various terrains in the Tibetan Plateau using the distribution index. This index elucidates the disparities between actual and standard glacier distributions across various mountain chains, excluding area disturbances. Finally, we employed the geodetector method to quantitatively assess the spatial interplay between glacier distribution patterns and topographical elements. This innovative statistical approach identifies spatially stratified heterogeneity, pinpoints explanatory factors, and evaluates interactive relationships between variables. The results show that: (1) Glacier distribution in the Tibetan Plateau shows strong selectivity for RDLS and altitude, with wide suitability for aspect and slope. The predominant distribution involves large RDLS and high altitudes. (2) Topography significantly influences glacier development, with varied effects of topographic factors on the spatial distribution of glaciers. Altitude and RDLS emerged as dominant factors controlling the distribution of glaciers, followed by slope and aspect. The interactive detection revealed that the combined effect of altitude and RDLS had a dominant impact on spatially stratified glacier heterogeneity. (3) Among altitude and RDLS gradients, the Himalayas Mountains had the most extensive glacier distribution, followed by the Karakoram Mountains. The other ten mountain ranges demonstrated diverse glacier distributions, though they mostly adhered to a normal pattern. This study will serve as a theoretical reference and provide data support for regional hydrology research. It offers vital guidance for appropriate water resource management in arid lands.

Key words: glacier distribution, terrain gradient, distribution index, geodetector, Tibetan Plateau

许宁, 李治国, 梁雪悦, 周晓莹. 基于地形梯度的青藏高原冰川分布格局及成因[J]. 干旱区研究, 2024, 41(2): 230-239.

XU Ning, LI Zhiguo, LIANG Xueyue, ZHOU Xiaoying. Distribution pattern and causes of glaciers in the Tibetan Plateau based on terrain gradient[J]. Arid Zone Research, 2024, 41(2): 230-239.

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	因子探测q值				交互探测
	海拔	地形起伏度	坡度	坡向	海拔∩坡向	海拔∩坡度	坡向∩坡度	海拔∩地形起伏度	坡向∩地形起伏度	海拔∩地形起伏度
阿尔金山	0.5901	0.3296	0.0158	0.0172	0.6651	0.6258	0.1082	0.6221	0.4106	0.4834
祁连山	0.5205	0.2006	0.0046	0.0123	0.5480	0.5359	0.0343	0.5596	0.2277	0.2792
唐古拉山	0.4717	0.2658	0.0017	0.0028	0.4794	0.5236	0.0162	0.6128	0.2770	0.4488
昆仑山	0.4346	0.2242	0.0128	0.0070	0.4498	0.4756	0.0252	0.4610	0.2397	0.4007
兴都库什山	0.3885	0.2045	0.0454	0.0108	0.4077	0.4451	0.0657	0.4326	0.2216	0.2951
帕米尔	0.3445	0.2319	0.0279	0.0105	0.3632	0.3920	0.0448	0.3815	0.2496	0.3109
横断山	0.2400	0.1328	0.0152	0.0056	0.2507	0.2631	0.0342	0.2829	0.1511	0.1865
羌塘高原	0.1851	0.2220	0.0093	0.0044	0.1920	0.2568	0.0237	0.2428	0.2325	0.3218
喜马拉雅山	0.1720	0.1256	0.0422	0.0039	0.1768	0.2115	0.0485	0.2150	0.1330	0.1979
喀喇昆仑山	0.1593	0.1508	0.0475	0.0053	0.1668	0.2475	0.0564	0.2493	0.1612	0.2520
念青唐古拉山	0.1201	0.0915	0.0202	0.0028	0.1258	0.1556	0.0290	0.1733	0.0989	0.1357
冈底斯山	0.0673	0.0992	0.0119	0.0019	0.0698	0.0811	0.0286	0.1170	0.1082	0.1213