叶圈微生物的群落结构与生态功能研究进展

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 植物叶圈和根际是两个独特、复杂的生态系统，含有丰富的微生物种类，在促进植物生长，增强植物抗病性、抗逆性等方面有着非常重要的作用。在近几十年内的研究中，根际一直是微生物学家和植物学家研究和关注的焦点，特别是在根际微生物促进植物生长和增强植物抗病性的效果和机理方面取得了重要的研究进展。相对而言，对于叶圈微生物的研究远远滞后于对根际微生物的研究。叶圈微生物最初主要是对植物致病微生物进行研究，但是由于技术条件（主要是采用传统可培养方法进行研究）的限制，叶圈微生物研究进展缓慢。2000年以后，随分子生物学技术的发展，特别是高通量测序技术的发展，叶圈微生物研究进入了快速发展段。研究发现，叶圈微生物中只有少数致病，而大多数能够为植物提供养分、促进植物生长、提高植物抗病性和抗逆性，在植物群落组成和生态功能方面发挥了重要作用。通过介绍叶圈定义的提出及发展过程，阐述了叶圈微生物在研究方法、生物学功能及作用机理方面的研究进展，并对叶圈微生物未来发展方向进行了展望。

关键词: 叶圈, 微生物, 群落结构, 内生菌, 外生菌, 生物固氮

Abstract: Phyllosphere and rhizosphere of plants are two unique and complex ecosystems with rich microbial components, and play an important role in promoting plant growth, enhancing plant disease resistance and stress resistance. Over the past decades, rhizosphere attracted many microbiologists and botanists, especially some research progresses were achieved at the aspects of rhizospheric microorganisms in promoting plant growth and enhancing the effect and mechanism of plant disease resistance. Comparatively speaking, the study on phyllosphere microorganisms was much more behind that on rhizospheric microorganisms. Initially, the study on phyllosphere microorganisms was focused on plant pathogenic microorganisms, so the progress of researching phyllosphere microorganisms was slow due to the limitation of technical conditions. The research on phyllosphere microorganisms was developed rapidly since the 21st century along with the development of molecular biological technique, especially the application of high-throughput sequencing technology. Recently, numerous studies proved that only a few of phyllosohere microorganisms were pathogenic, and most of them benefited plants by improving nutrients, promoting plant growth, and improving disease and stress resistance, thus a very important role of structuring plant communities and sustaining their functions was played. The objectives of this review are as follows: (1) To introduce the definition of phyllosphere and the development of the methodology related to phyllosphere microorganisms as well as their biological functions and mechanisms; and (2) To provide future perspectives in understanding microorganisms.

Key words: phyllosphere, microorganism, community structure, endophyte, epiphyte, biological nitrogen fixation

刘　燕,徐志才,唐立松. 叶圈微生物的群落结构与生态功能研究进展[J]. 干旱区研究, 2018, 35(2): 340-345.

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