古尔班通古特沙漠不同类型生物结皮对草本植物多样性影响

doi:10.13866/j.azr.2021.02.15

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

选择古尔班通古特沙漠的北部（一号点）、中部（二号点）、南部（三号点）3个不同样点的裸沙和藻结皮、地衣结皮与苔藓结皮3种生物结皮类型,对比研究了草本植物多样性的差异性及其主要环境影响因素。结果表明：（1）不同生物结皮类型的土壤理化性质有明显差异,土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾含量以及黏粒、粉粒和细沙的含量随生物结皮演替显著上升,而中沙和粗沙的含量呈显著下降趋势,在沙漠不同区域呈现明显的空间异质性,二号样点中裸沙和藻结皮的养分含量和pH明显低于一号点和三号点。（2）草本植物的物种丰富度和Shannon-Wiener指数随生物结皮发育呈明显上升趋势,草本植物的物种组成、群落结构在不同类型生物结皮和沙漠不同区域均具有显著差异。（3）在土壤理化特征中,有机质、速效P和全K含量,以及pH和粉粒含量是影响草本植物分布的关键因子。（4）不同类型生物结皮之间的微地形和种类组成差异、种子生物学特性以及生物结皮在不同尺度下的土壤环境异质性共同影响草本植物在生物结皮中的物种组成和丰度,最终导致草本植物群落结构在生物结皮中的演替变化。

关键词: 生物结皮, 演替, 草本植物, 物种多样性, 古尔班通古特沙漠

Abstract:

As pioneer community and ecosystem engineers in desert ecosystems, biological soil crusts (BSCs) play critical roles in maintaining soil surface stability and improving ecosystem function in arid regions. BSCs affect the seed dispersal, germination, and survival of vascular plants. However, the effect of BSCs on herbaceous plant diversity in the Gurbantunggut Desert is still unknown. In this study, we investigated the factors influencing herbaceous plant diversity in bare sand and three BSC types (algae, lichen, and moss crusts) in northern, central, and southern regions of the Gurbantunggut Desert. We detected significant differences in soil physicochemical properties among BSC types. For example, soil organic matter, total N, total P, total K, clay, silt, and fine sand contents significantly increased with BSC development; however, sand and coarse sand contents declined significantly. Moreover, spatial heterogeneity was obvious among desert regions. The nutrient content and pH in bare sand and algal crusts at Site 2 were lower than those at Site 1 and Site 3. Herbaceous plant richness and Shannon-Wiener diversity increased with BSC succession. The species composition and community structure also varied significantly among BSC types and desert areas. Soil physicochemical properties, soil organic matter, available P, total K, pH, and silt were identified as key factors shaping the herbaceous plant community structure. The changes in microtopography and species composition in different BSC types, biological properties of seeds and soil, and environmental heterogeneity may all contribute to herbaceous plant species composition and abundance in BSCs, leading to herbaceous plant community succession.

Key words: biological soil crusts, succession, herbaceous plant, species diversity, Gurbantunggut Desert

李彬,武志芳,陶冶,周晓兵,张丙昌. 古尔班通古特沙漠不同类型生物结皮对草本植物多样性影响[J]. 干旱区研究, 2021, 38(2): 438-449.

LI Bin,WU Zhifang,TAO Ye,ZHOU Xiaobing,ZHANG Bingchang. Effects of biological soil crust type on herbaceous diversity in the Gurbantunggut Desert[J]. Arid Zone Research, 2021, 38(2): 438-449.

图/表 9

图1

图2

表1

生物结皮不同演替阶段的土壤理化特性（平均值±标准差）"

理化特性	结皮层（0~2 cm）				结皮下层（2~5 cm）
理化特性	裸沙	藻结皮	地衣结皮	苔藓结皮	裸沙	藻结皮	地衣结皮	苔藓结皮
有机质/(g·kg^-1)	2.88±2.29Bb	3.91±0.55Bb	4.30±0.37Bb	6.62±0.71Aa	2.06±0.45Bb	2.12±0.50Bb	2.42±0.26Bb	3.88±0.61Aa
全氮/(g·kg^-1)	0.12±0.03Cc	0.21±0.03Bb	0.23±0.03Bb	0.38± 0.01Aa	0.06±0.01Cd	0.12±0.02Bc	0.16±0.04Bb	0.21±0.03Aa
硝态氮/(mg·kg^-1)	18.44±7.42Cc	38. 65±6.22ABb	35.52±2.27Bb	50.64±10.62Aa	2.18±0.57Cc	3.92±0.49BCb	4.67±1.18Bb	7.35±1.59Aa
铵态氮/(mg·kg^-1)	14.63±1.38Bb	29.04±13.36ABb	26.18±4.74Bb	49.69±17.47Aa	12.18±1.75a	12.53±0.81a	12.51±0.75a	13.55±1.17a
全磷/(g·kg^-1)	0.39±0.12a	0.42±0.05a	0.43±0.01a	0.45±0.02a	0.35±0.02Bc	0.40±0.05ABb	0.39±0.02ABb	0.44±0.01Aa
全钾/(g·kg^-1)	21.60±0.74b	22.40±0.69a	22.52±0.41a	22.59±0.30a	21.07±0.21b	21.24±0.38ab	21.40±0.40ab	21.70±0.51a
速效磷/(mg·kg^-1)	2.74±0.52Bb	3.14±0.30Bb	3.09±0.38Bb	4.41±0.55Aa	3.15±0.92Bb	3.27±0.60Bb	3.41±0.65Bb	5.14±0.90Aa
速效钾/(mg·kg^-1)	92.2±75.91Bb	115.8±27.26ABb	135.20±18.95ABab	189.00±5.61Aa	104.20±82.67a	115.80±22.47a	122.00±12.31a	151.80±4.55a
总盐/(mg·g^-1)	0.11±0.01Bc	0.11±0.01Bc	0.14±0.01Ab	0.17±0.02Aa	0.11±0.01Bbc	0.11±0.01Bc	0.12±0.01Bb	0.15±0.02Aa
pH	8.05±0.42ab	8.32±0.06a	8.36±0.08a	7.93±0.21b	7.57±0.16Bc	7.84±0.09Aa	7.73±0.07ABab	7.66±0.09ABbc
黏粒(<2μm)/%	0.70±0.38Bc	0.93±0.23Bbc	1.35±0.14ABb	1.96±0.67Aa	0.59±0.11Cc	0.77±0.08BCc	1.05±0.11Bb	1.66±0.34Aa
粉粒(2~20 μm)/%	2.84±0.62Bb	3.20±0.92Bb	3.36±0.77ABb	5.42±1.93Aa	2.29±0.39Bc	2.49±0.44Bbc	2.95±0.62Bb	4.54±0.35Aa
细沙(20~200 μm)/%	66.03±5.07Bc	69.36±4.18ABbc	74.83±1.89Aa	71.78±1.50ABab	64.07±1.91Bc	67.08±1.90Bb	73.63±2.09Aa	71.57±0.82Aa
中沙(0.2~0.5 mm)/%	21.83±2.23Aa	19.66±2.82ABa	16.09±1.67Bb	16.26±1.22Bb	20.37±0.53Aa	18.38±0.45Bb	15.33±0.72Cc	15.40±0.39Cc
粗沙(>0.5 mm)/%	8.64±3.68Aa	6.70±1.84ABab	4.44±1.02Bb	4.67±1.26ABb	13.11±2.10Aa	12.25±2.02Aa	7.35±1.34Bb	7.50±0.45Bb

表1

图3

表2

不同类型生物结皮中草本植物的物种组成和重要值（平均值±标准差）"

物种名	一号点				二号点				三号点
物种名	裸沙	藻结皮	地衣结皮	苔藓结皮	裸沙	藻结皮	地衣结皮	苔藓结皮	裸沙	藻结皮	地衣结皮	苔藓结皮
尖喙牻牛儿苗 Erodium oxyrrhynchum	6.43±9.14	29.31±20.55	27.83±5.93	20.85±8.03	29.27±11.28	28.78±3.52	31.05±2.73	13.49±10.69	2.30±3.22	18.96±8.81	24.46±4.81	26.37±10.48
囊果苔草Carex physodes	19.59±18.83	24.11±15.30	12.95±9.14	24.11±5.27	0	43.00±16.87	43.63±10.52	18.83±3.68	30.23±27.73	17.63±16.53	13.45±14.77	5.28±7.28
硬萼软紫草 Arnebia decumbens	0	1.28±2.86	2.88±6.45	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.52±1.16	1.80±2.47	0
假狼紫草Nonea caspica	0	4.11±5.79	4.00±8.95	0	7.38±16.51	0	0	0.42±0.93	2.87±6.42	0.89±2.00	3.63±5.04	0
狭果鹤虱 Lappula semiglabra	12.06±12.38	0	0	0	21.99±19.52	0	0	0	14.61±12.16	0	0	0
萹蓄Polygonum aviculare	3.20±7.15	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
刺沙蓬Salsola ruthenica	1.13±1.56	8.02±5.60	21.98±8.10	0.98±2.19	1.01±2.25	0	0	0	0	1.75±3.91	0	0
角果藜 Ceratocarpus arenarius	0	3.24±4.70	0.41±0.91	0	0	1.72±3.86	0	0.23±0.51	0	0	0.41±0.92	1.70±3.81
对节刺Horaninovia ulicina	1.24±1.72	5.72±5.35	3.58±6.45	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1.39±1.96	0
卷果涩芥 Malcolmia scorpioides	3.10±4.52	0.83±1.85	7.26±6.95	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
条叶庭荠Alyssum linifolium	15.23±19.24	1.95±4.36	6.06±5.96	0	3.73±8.33	7.16±4.11	0	3.17±7.09	9.46±14.64	22.87±12.81	20.99±17.33	17.90±7.32
弯曲四齿芥 Tetracme recurvata	0	0.44±0.98	1.86±4.16	0	1.43±3.20	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
丝叶芥Leptaleum filifolium	0	0	2.24±5.00	2.50±3.45	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
沙葱Allium mongolicum	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	5.29±11.83
顶冰花Gagea lutea	10.40±23.26	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
琉苞菊Hyalea pulchella	0	0	1.96±4.39	0	26.50±25.54	15.72±11.77	6.79±7.14	4.89±6.69	12.08±17.54	21.07±9.27	8.94±5.46	8.85±6.67
小甘菊Cancrinia discoidea	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	2.82±6.30	1.31±2.94	0
疏齿千里光 Senecio subdentatus	18.22±16.78	2.54±5.69	1.05±2.36	0	0	0	0	0	8.37±8.44	0	0.96±2.14	0
白茎绢蒿 Seriphidium terraealbae	0	0	0	0	2.42±5.40	0	0	0	10.31±9.50	0	0	0
土大戟 Euphorbia turczaninowii	0	0	0	0	2.11±4.72	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
小花荆芥Nepeta micrantlm	0	16.75±11.86	2.42±3.39	1.49±1.49	2.10±4.70	0	0	0	0	0	0	3.57±2.84
簇花芹Soranthus meyeri	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	8.73±19.53	0	0	0
齿稃草Schismus arabicus	0.66±0.90	0.57±1.26	3.51±5.77	1.36±1.88	2.06±4.60	3.61±4.08	9.21±6.94	2.98±2.84	0	0.40±0.89	0	6.16±7.13
东方旱麦Eremopyrum orientale	4.32±6.30	0	0	0	0	0	2.06±2.83	0	0	0	1.64±3.66	1.06±2.36

表2

图4

表3

表4

图5

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	Ⅰ-裸沙	Ⅰ-藻结皮	Ⅰ-地衣结皮皮	Ⅰ-苔藓结皮皮	Ⅱ-裸沙	Ⅱ藻结皮	Ⅱ-地衣结皮皮	Ⅱ-苔藓结皮皮	Ⅲ-裸沙	Ⅲ-藻结皮	Ⅲ-地衣结皮皮
Ⅰ-裸沙
Ⅰ-藻结皮	0.1615
Ⅰ-地衣结皮	0.0079	0.0401
Ⅰ-苔藓结皮	0.0082	0.0158	0.0644
Ⅱ-裸沙	0.0506	0.0233	0.0074	0.0063
Ⅱ-藻结皮	0.0078	0.0078	0.0089	0.0071	0.0073
Ⅱ-地衣结皮	0.0066	0.0074	0.0081	0.007	0.0082	0.9076
Ⅱ-苔藓结皮	0.0411	0.1073	0.1388	0.3991	0.0393	0.0079	0.0096
Ⅲ-裸沙	0.4605	0.0157	0.0084	0.0074	0.0177	0.0082	0.0081	0.0066
Ⅲ-藻结皮	0.0571	0.0265	0.007	0.0083	0.0211	0.0173	0.0079	0.0377	0.0076
Ⅲ-地衣结皮	0.0073	0.0166	0.0079	0.0416	0.0086	0.0242	0.023	0.1734	0.0087	0.2164
Ⅲ-苔藓结皮	0.0068	0.0076	0.0173	0.031	0.0169	0.0081	0.0074	0.1502	0.0094	0.0543	0.8252

理化性质	r	P
有机质/(g·kg^-1)	-0.143	0.038^*
全氮/(g·kg^-1)	-0.103	0.100
硝态氮/(mg·kg^-1)	0.004	0.939
铵态氮/(mg·kg^-1)	-0.021	0.801
全磷/(g·kg^-1)	-0.103	0.100
全钾/(g·kg^-1)	-0.141	0.047^*
速效磷/(mg·kg^-1)	0.283	0.001^**
速效钾/(mg·kg^-1)	-0.115	0.089
总盐/(mg·g^-1)	-0.002	0.979
pH	0.099	0.021^*
黏粒 (<2 μm)/%	0.241	0.007^**
粉粒 (2~20μm )/%	0.251	0.009^**
细沙 (20~200 μm)/%	-0.084	0.271
中沙 (0.2~0.5 mm)/%	0.084	0.231
粗沙 (>0.5 mm)/%	-0.063	0.463