Abstract: The livelihoods of herdsmen and the influence of nomadic activities to the wildlife were investigated through face-to-face interviews with the herdsmen at winter-spring grazing sites in the Karamori Mountain Ungulate Nature Reserve.The purposes of the study were to reveal the understanding and awareness of wildlife conservation,competitive relationship between the nomadic herding and wildlife survival,concerns about the ecological compensation and other impacts related to the livelihoods of herdsmen in the nature reserve.The results showed that:① The economic income of 96.67% herdsmen in the nature reserve was steadily increased,and the traditional stock farming was the main economic income.② The herdsmen had strong awareness on wildlife conservation,and the main factors affecting the survival of ungulates in desert were snowstorms and droughts.③ The community herdsmen in the nature reserve thought that the ungulates in the deserts around the winter grazing sites in the nature reserve were increased,and they were optimistic about the coexistence of wildlife and livestock. ④ The community herdsmen in the nature reserve were willing to take actions based on the national policies including settlements,grazing restriction and even grazing prohibition,but the local government should establish and implement the rational ecological compensation and resettlement mechanism after implementing the grazing restriction.

Key words: community herdsman, wildlife, protection awareness, investigation, Ungulate Nature Reserve, Karamori Mountain, Xinjiang