六盘山区国土空间生态安全格局构建与分区优化

doi:10.13866/j.azr.2023.07.14

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

生态安全格局构建是保障人类福祉和健康发展的重要途径，是践行山水林田湖草沙生命共同体理念的具体举措，选取具有重要生态地位和屏障作用的宁夏六盘山区，将InVEST模型生态服务评价优势和Circuitscape电路理论景观模型廊道识别优势充分结合，采用“源地—廊道—节点”的研究范式开展六盘山区生态安全格局构建和生态修复分区。结果表明：六盘山区共有生态源地75个，占研究区总面积的21.8%，呈现山系格局、县域拓展特征；关键生态廊道47处，总长度211.6 km，需要优先保护修复的夹点和障碍点分别为547处和217处，面积分别为626.9 km²和893.9 km²；生态屏障带面积占比17.4%，需要实施最严格的生态保护措施，保育区、修复提升区和控制调节区的面积占比分别为6.5%、38.2%和37.9%，需要加强生态监测和实施差异化修复措施，科学划定三区三线和全面协调发展保护关系。研究结果可为六盘山区国土空间生态保护修复、政策制定及工程布局提供参考。

关键词: 国土空间生态修复, 生态安全格局, 电路理论, InVEST模型, 六盘山

Abstract:

The establishment of an ecological security pattern is a crucial step in ensuring human well-being and healthy growth. It is a particular measure for putting the notion of “life community” into reality. The critical ecological location and abundant ecological resources of Ningxia’s Liupan Mountain Area make it indispensable in ensuring regional ecological security. In this study, we use the InVEST model and the circuit theory landscape model (Circuitscape) to completely integrate the benefits of ecosystem service assessment and ecological corridor identification. Meanwhile, we use the “sources-corridors-nodes” paradigm to build the ecological security pattern and complete ecological restoration zoning. According to the findings, there are 75 ecological sources in the Liupan Mountain Area, accounting for 21.8% of the total study area, which exhibits the characteristics of mountain spatial pattern and county expansion and serves as ecological strategic points and nodes in the construction of ecological security patterns. With a total length of 211.6 km, 47 significant ecological corridors link the nature reserves and the primary ecological sources. Meanwhile, 547 ecological pinchpoints and 217 ecological barriers, totaling 626.9 km² and 893.9 km², need urgent conservation and restoration. The area of ecological barriers accounts for 17.4% of the total, which requires the most stringent ecological protection to maximize the regional ecological radiation effect. Meanwhile, the proportions of conservation areas, restoration and improvement areas, and control and coordination areas are 6.5%, 38.2%, and 37.9%, respectively. To limit the danger of ecological deterioration, protected zones have strengthened surveillance of closed slopes and prohibited grazing, as well as plant regeneration. The restoration and improvement regions need the implementation of diverse strategies to enhance ecological quality to sustain the ecological network’s healthy, stable, and virtuous cycle and to capitalize on the ecological buffer zone impact. To thoroughly coordinate and maintain development, it is critical to scientifically outline the three zones and three lines, as well as enhance the degree of land conservation and intense usage. The findings might be useful for integrated and systematic ecological conservation and restoration, as well as policy development and project layout in the Liupan Mountain Area.

Key words: ecological restoration for territorial space, ecological security pattern, circuit theory, InVEST model, Liupan Mountain

包玉斌,王耀宗,路锋,刘自增,马大为,杨勇,吴娟,张永康. 六盘山区国土空间生态安全格局构建与分区优化[J]. 干旱区研究, 2023, 40(7): 1172-1183.

BAO Yubin,WANG Yaozong,LU Feng,LIU Zizeng,MA Dawei,YANG Yong,WU Juan,ZHANG Yongkang. Construction of an ecological security pattern and zoning optimization for territorial space in the Liupan Mountain Area[J]. Arid Zone Research, 2023, 40(7): 1172-1183.

图/表 14

图1

表1

生态重要性评价方法"

生态系统服务	权重	评估模型/方法	基本原理及计算公式
生境维持	0.417	InVEST-Habitat Quality model	$Q x j = H j 1 - D z x j D z x j + k z$ 式中：Q_xj为土地利用类型j中栅格x的生境质量；D_xj为土地利用类型j中栅格x所受胁迫水平；k为半饱和常数，通常取D_xj最大值的一半；H_j为土地利用类型j的生境适合性；z为归一化常量^[26]
产水服务	0.316	InVEST-Water Yield model	$Y j x = 1 - A E T x j P x × P x, A E T x j P x = 1 + ω x × R x j 1 + ω x × R x j + 1 / R x j, R x j = k × E T 0 P x$ 式中：Y_jx为土地利用类型j中栅格x的年产水量（mm）；P_x为栅格单元x的年均降雨量；AET_xj为土地利用类型j中栅格x的年平均蒸散发量；R_xj为土地利用类型j中栅格x的干燥指数，表示潜在蒸发量与降雨量的比值；ω_x为修正植被年可利用水量与降水量的比值；k为植被系数，由植被叶面积指数计算^[25]，ET₀为潜在蒸散发量（mm）。植被年可利用水量利用土壤质地经验公式计算，具体见文献[24-25]
土壤保持	0.146	InVEST-Sediment Delivery Ratio model	$S C x = R x × K x × L S x × (1 - C x × P x) + S R x,$ $S R x = E x ∑ y = 1 x - 1 S E y ∏ z = y + 1 x - 1 (1 - E z)$ 式中：SC_x和SR_x分别为栅格x的土壤保持量（t·hm^-2·a^-1）和泥沙持留量（t·hm^-2·a^-1）；SE_y为上坡栅格y产生的泥沙量（t·hm^-2·a^-1），E_x为栅格x的泥沙持留效率^[24]，E_z为上坡栅格z的泥沙持留量（t·hm^-2·a^-1）；R_x、K_x、LS_x、C_x和P_x分别为栅格x的降雨侵蚀力因子、土壤可蚀性因子、坡度坡长因子、覆盖管理因子和水土保持措施因子
固碳服务	0.082	CASA模型-NPP法	$N P P x, t = A P A R x, t × ξ x, t$ 式中：NPP(x, t)为栅格x的植被在t时段内的净初级生产力（g C·m^-2·a^-1）；APAR(x, t)为栅格x在t时段内植被所吸收的光和有效辐射；ξ(x, t)为栅格x的植被在t时段内的光能转化率^[14]
粮食供给	0.038	NDVI配比法	$C r o p m n = N D V I m / N D V I n × C r o p n$ 式中：Crop_mn为第n个县第m个栅格的粮食供给服务（t·a^-1）；NDVI_m为该栅格全年中的NDVI最大值；NDVI_n为第n个县的NDVI全年最大值的和；Crop_n为第n个县的粮食年产量（t·a^-1）^[14,19]

表1

表2

表3

图2

图3

表4

表5

表6

图4

图5

表7

图6

表8

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阻力因子		权重	阻力值
阻力因子		权重	1	10	30	50	70	90
自然环境因子	土地覆被类型	0.269	森林、湿地	灌丛、草地	农田	荒漠	其他	城镇
	植被覆盖度/%	0.172	-	≥70	50~70	30~50	10~30	<10
	距离水体距离/km	0.127	-	<1	1~3	3~5	5~10	≥10
	干旱指数	0.090	-	<0.45	0.45~0.58	0.58~0.66	0.66~0.71	≥0.71
	坡度/（°）	0.056	-	<6	6~15	15~25	25~45	≥45
	水土流失敏感性	0.036	-	一般敏感	较敏感	中度敏感	高度敏感	极敏感
社会经济因子	距离居民点/km	0.103	-	≥2	1~2	0.5~1	0.25~0.5	<0.25
	距离采矿/km	0.073	≥15	10~15	5~10	2~5	1~2	<10
	距离道路/km	0.047	≥10	5~10	2~5	1~2	0.5~1	<0.5
	夜间灯光因子	0.027	<0.21	0.21~0.48		0.48~0.74	0.74~1.79	≥1.79

生境质量			产水服务			土壤保持			固碳服务			粮食供给			综合评价
面积/km²	比重/%		面积/km²	比重/%		面积/km²	比重/%		面积/km²	比重/%		面积/km²	比重/%		面积/km²	比重/%
4747.7	25.4		6121.3	32.8		1749.6	9.4		5183.0	27.7		5518.0	29.5		4473.8	23.9

类型	生态源地
类型	泾源县	彭阳县	原州区	海原县	隆德县	西吉县	沙坡头区	中宁县	同心县	总计
数量/个	2	25	10	18	9	8	12	8	4	96
面积/km²	1029.0	991.5	589.2	504.7	410.8	243.5	226.3	74.5	10.9	4080.3
百分比/%	25.2	24.3	14.4	12.4	10.1	6.0	5.5	1.8	0.2	100.0

生态源地重要性	电流阈值	数量/个	比重/%	面积/km²	比重/%
一般源地	2.0~235.9	24	32.0	212.6	5.2
重要源地	235.9~394.1	25	33.3	611.1	15.0
核心源地	394.1~1380.0	26	34.7	3256.6	79.8
总计		75	100.0	4080.3	100.0

	低值区	中值区	高值区	合计
面积/km²	8259.7	6049.2	4371.3	18680.2
比重/%	44.2	32.4	23.4	100.0