干旱区绿洲-城镇-荒漠景观演变及生态环境效应

doi:10.13866/j.azr.2023.06.14

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

绿洲、城镇和荒漠是干旱区内陆河流域重要的景观类型，随着流域社会经济发展，干旱区生态环境问题日益凸显。本研究选取我国西北干旱区第二大内陆河——黑河流域内绿洲-城镇-荒漠的景观组合作为研究对象，利用景观转型核密度与景观结构指数分析2000—2020年期间黑河流域绿洲-城镇-荒漠的时空格局与转型特征，借助多元回归树（MRT）模型探究三类景观转型之间的权衡-协同关系，基于遥感生态指数（RSEI）与景观转型生态贡献率揭示绿洲-城镇-荒漠景观转型的生态环境效应。结果显示：（1）黑河流域荒漠广布，绿洲仅在中下游河道沿岸集中分布，城镇面积占比最小，其空间分布和规模结构与绿洲有紧密关联；（2）黑河流域绿洲-城镇-荒漠景观转型可概括为：农业活动主导期（2000—2005年）、产业快速发展期（2005—2015年）和发展转型协调期（2015—2020年）；（3）气温、GDP、海拔、降水量是影响绿洲-城镇-荒漠景观转型之间权衡-协同关系的主要因素；（4） 2000—2020年期间流域景观转型以正的生态环境效应为主，耕地扩张是正效应的主导因素；耕地退化、水域减少与草地退化则是带来负效应的主要因素。研究结果可为干旱区内陆河流域实施生态保护与高质量发展提供理论指导。

关键词: 绿洲-城镇-荒漠, 景观格局, 时空演变, 生态环境效应, 黑河流域

Abstract:

Oasis, urban, and desert areas are important landscape types in the inland river basins of arid zones. The Heihe River is the second largest inland river in the northwest arid zone of China. With the socio-economic development of the basin, ecological and environmental problems have become increasingly prominent. In this study, kernel density estimation and landscape structure metrics were applied to analyse the spatio-temporal pattern and transition characteristics of the oasis-urban-desert areas in the Heihe River Basin from 2000-2020. A multivariate regression tree model was used to examine the trade-off and synergy relationships in the oasis-urban-desert landscapes. The remote sensing ecological index (RSEI) and ecological contribution rates of landscape transition, were also used to assess the eco-environmental effects of the oasis-urban-desert landscapes. Deserts were found to be widespread in the Heihe River Basin, oases were concentrated along the middle and lower reaches of the river, and urban areas accounted for the smallest proportion, and their spatial distributions and scale of their structures were found to be closely related to oases. The transition of oasis-urban-desert landscapes in the Heihe River Basin can be summarized into three periods: the domination of agricultural activities (2000-2005), rapid industrial development (2005-2015), and coordinated development transformation (2015-2020). Temperature, GDP, altitude, and precipitation were the main factors affecting the trade-offs and synergies between oasis-urban-desert landscape transitions. From 2000-2020, the eco-environment effects of the landscape transitions were dominated by positive eco-environment effects, with farmland expansion being the dominant factor for positive effects, and the degradation of farmland, water area, and grassland the main factors for negative effects. The findings of this study will provide theoretical guidance for the implementation of future ecological protection and high-quality development strategies for inland river basins in arid zones.

Key words: oasis-urban-desert, landscape pattern, spatial-temporal evolution, eco-environment effect, Heihe River Basin

邹易, 蒙吉军. 干旱区绿洲-城镇-荒漠景观演变及生态环境效应[J]. 干旱区研究, 2023, 40(6): 988-1001.

ZOU Yi, MENG Jijun. Evaluation of an oasis-urban-desert landscape and the related eco-environmental effects in an arid area[J]. Arid Zone Research, 2023, 40(6): 988-1001.

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数据名称	数据类型	时间序列	数据来源
黑河流域行政区划数据	矢量	-	国家基础地理信息中心（http://www.ngcc.cn/ngcc/）
黑河流域绿洲分布数据集	矢量	1963—2013年	国家冰川冻土沙漠科学数据中心（http://www.crensed.ac.cn/portal/）
黑河流域绿洲重建面积统计数据集	矢量	1963—2013年	国家冰川冻土沙漠科学数据中心（http://www.crensed.ac.cn/portal/）
土地利用数据	1 km×1 km栅格	2000—2020年每隔5 a	中国科学院资源环境科学与数据中心（https://www.resdc.cn/）
DEM数据	1 km×1 km栅格	-	中国科学院资源环境科学与数据中心（https://www.resdc.cn/）
人口分布格网数据	1 km×1 km栅格	2000—2020年每隔5 a	WorldPop官网（https://www.worldpop.org/）
GDP空间分布公里网格数据	1 km×1 km栅格	2000—2015年每隔5 a	中国科学院资源环境科学与数据中心（https://www.resdc.cn/）
高精度气温与降水数据	1 km×1 km栅格	2000—2015年每隔5 a	中国科学院资源环境科学与数据中心（https://www.resdc.cn/）
低精度气温与降水数据	0.1°×0.1°栅格	2000—2020年每隔5 a	欧洲中期天气预报中心（https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/）
MODIS遥感生态指数（RSEI）空间分布数据集	1 km×1 km栅格	2000—2019年	中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所

一级类型		二级类型		说明
编号	名称	编号	名称	说明
1	绿洲	11	耕地	包括旱地和水田
		12	林地	包括有林地、灌木林、疏林地及其他林地
		13	草地	指覆盖>20%的天然草地、改良草地和割草地
		14	水域	包括河渠、湖泊、人工坑塘与河湖滩地
		15	沼泽地	指有积水，表面生长湿生植物的湿地
2	荒漠	21	沙地	指表层为沙覆被、植被覆盖度5%以下的土地
		22	戈壁	指地表以碎砾石为主、植被覆盖度5%以下的土地
		23	盐碱地	指地表盐碱聚集、生长耐盐碱植被的土地
		24	低覆盖度草地	指植被覆盖度在5%~20%的天然草地
		26	裸地	指地表土质、岩石或石砾覆盖，基本无植被覆盖的土地
		27	其他未利用地	包括高寒荒漠、苔原等
3	城镇	31	城镇用地	指大、中、小城市及县镇以上建成区用地
		32	农村居民点	指独立于城镇以外的农村居民点用地
		33	其他建设用地	指厂矿、油田、交通道路等用地

树特征	聚类1	聚类2	聚类3	聚类4	聚类5
	年均气温（<8.99 ℃）		年均气温（≥8.99 ℃）
	GDP（<963.5×10⁴元·km²）	GDP（≥963.5×10⁴元·km²）	海拔（<1376 m）	海拔（≥1376 m）
				年降水量（≥83.46 mm）	年降水量（<83.46 mm）
城镇化强度	=	++	+	—	-
荒漠化强度	+	=	-	++	—
绿洲化强度	-	—	=	+	++