保护性耕作对陇中旱作麦田蓄水保墒效果和产量的影响

doi:10.13866/j.azr.2022.01.30

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为探究保护性耕作对陇中黄土高原旱作麦田蓄水保墒效果和产量形成的影响。在连续5 a田间试验的基础上,分析了陇中黄土高原旱作麦田从2019年8月至2020年8月一个耕作周期内,不同耕作措施（传统耕作T、秸秆覆盖TS,免耕NT和免耕秸秆覆盖NTS）对麦田休闲期蓄墒率、水分利用效率、春小麦干物质积累与转运、产量及农艺性状的影响。结果表明：（1）与处理T相比,NTS处理提高了耕层土壤容重和含水量,提高了旱作麦田播种和收获期土壤蓄水量,使水分利用效率提高了48.18%、休闲期蓄墒率提高了5.70%;（2） NTS处理显著提高了春小麦叶面积指数、延缓了叶片的衰老,相比于TS和NT处理,NTS处理下花后干物质积累量分别提高了67.38%和32.14%,花后干物质贡献率分别提高了12.47%和6.61%;（3） NTS处理优化了产量构成因素、显著提高了春小麦产量,使产量达到了3243.30 kg∙hm^-2,比传统耕作（T）产量提高了49.32%;NTS处理改善了春小麦群体结构,显著提高了春小麦根系干重、株高和生物量,降低了根冠比,相关性分析表明水分利用效率、叶面积指数、根系干重的提高是促进小麦增产的重要原因。在本试验条件下,免耕秸秆覆盖是实现陇中黄土高原旱作麦田蓄水保墒及节水增产的最优耕作措施、值得在该地区推广应用。

关键词: 陇中黄土高原, 旱作麦田, 保护性耕作, 春小麦, 水分利用效率, 产量, 干物质积累与转运

Abstract:

The aim of this study was to explore the effects of conservation tillage on water storage, moisture conservation, and yield in dry-land wheat fields in the Loess Plateau of central Gansu province. Based on field experiments for five consecutive years, the effects of different tillage measures [traditional tillage (T), straw mulching (TS), no tillage (NT), and no tillage with straw mulching (NTS)] on the moisture-storage rate in the leisure period, water-use efficiency, dry matter accumulation and transport, yield, and agronomic characteristics of spring wheat in a farming cycle from August 2019 to August 2020 were analyzed. The results were as follows. (1) Compared with treatment T, the NTS treatment increased the soil bulk-density and water content in the plow layer, increased the soil water storage during the sowing and harvest periods in a dry-land wheat field, increased the water-use efficiency by 48.18%, and increased the moisture-storage rate in the leisure period by 5.70%. (2) The NTS treatment significantly increased the leaf area index and delayed the leaf senescence of spring wheat. Compared with the TS and NT treatments, the dry matter accumulation after anthesis under the NTS treatment increased by 67.38% and 32.14%, respectively, whereas the contribution rate of the dry matter after anthesis increased by 12.47% and 6.61%, respectively. (3) The NTS treatment optimized the yield components and significantly increased the yield of spring wheat to 3243.30 kg∙hm^-2, which was 49.32% higher than the yield of traditional tillage (T). In addition, the NTS treatment improved the population structure of spring wheat, as well as significantly increasing its root dry-weight, plant height, and biomass, while reducing its root-shoot ratio. Correlation analysis showed that the increased water-use efficiency, leaf area index, and root dry-weight were important factors in the increase of wheat yield. In conclusion, under the conditions of this experiment, NTS mulching was the optimal tillage treatment in terms of saving water and increasing the yield of dry-land wheat fields in the Loess Plateau of central Gansu province. Thus, it may be worthwhile popularizing and applying the treatment in this area.

Key words: Loess Plateau in central Gansu Province, dry-land wheat fields, conservation tillage, spring wheat, water use efficiency, yield, dry matter accumulation and transportation

祁小平,李广,袁建钰,常海刚. 保护性耕作对陇中旱作麦田蓄水保墒效果和产量的影响[J]. 干旱区研究, 2022, 39(1): 312-321.

QI Xiaoping,LI Guang,YUAN Jianyu,CHANG Haigang. Effects of conservation tillage on the water storage, moisture conservation, and yield of dry-land wheat fields of central Gansu Province[J]. Arid Zone Research, 2022, 39(1): 312-321.

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处理	0~100 cm 土层蓄水量		生育期总耗水量/mm	水分利用效率 /( kg∙hm^-2∙mm^-1)	土壤蓄墒率/%
处理	播种前/mm	收获后/mm	生育期总耗水量/mm	水分利用效率 /( kg∙hm^-2∙mm^-1)	土壤蓄墒率/%
T	245.23±24.51d	263.53±13.52d	412.40±13.91b	5.23±0.12d	5.98±0.28d
TS	257.02±34.99c	270.01±17.63c	417.72±14.23a	5.73±0.14c	7.20±0.56c
NT	262.65±28.25b	276.93±18.76b	416.43±24.12a	6.56±0.17b	9.58±0.66b
NTS	272.58±14.63a	284.76±20.32a	418.52±12.51a	7.75±0.24a	11.68±0.42a

处理	花前干物质			花后干物质
处理	转运量/(kg∙hm^-2)	转运率/%	贡献率/%	积累量/(kg∙hm^-2)	贡献率/%	收获指数/%
T	1130.47±39.07a	33.64±1.31a	52.04±1.42a	1041.57±36.02d	47.95±2.42d	29.34±2.40b
TS	1129.84±28.42b	30.16±0.81b	47.17±2.97b	1265.30±85.02c	52.83±2.97c	30.88±2.40a
NT	1128.09±19.45c	25.98±0.72c	41.30±0.36c	1602.72±47.09b	58.69±1.32b	30.90±2.31a
NTS	1125.37±24.09d	22.38±0.71d	34.69±1.65d	2117.93±40.79a	65.30±1.65a	31.20±4.67a

处理	产量/（kg∙hm^-2）	千粒重	公顷有效穗数/10⁴	穗粒数
T	2172.04±55.62d	40.42±0.69c	164.29±0.34c	30.33±0.33c
TS	2395.26±30.78c	42.86±0.19bc	175.39±0.57b	31.67±0.26b
NT	2730.81±45.93b	43.31±0.22b	172.42±0.66b	32.33±0.54a
NTS	3243.30±40.64a	44.93±0.26a	181.84±0.73a	32.67±0.36a

自变量	通径系数	间接通径系数
自变量	通径系数	X1	X2	X3	合计
X1	0.392	-	0.298	0.263	0.561
X2	0.397	0.294	-	0.206	0.500
X3	0.301	0.342	0.272	-	0.614

	根系干重	根冠比	株高	生物量	叶面积指数	水分利用效率
产量	0.955^**	-8.48^**	0.802^**	0.942^**	0.952^**	0.992^**
千粒重	0.937^**	-0.806^**	0.855^**	0.875^**	0.918^**	0.934^**
公顷有效穗数	0.908^**	-08.32^**	0.747^**	0.922^*	0.940^**	0.963^**
穗粒数	0.905^**	-0.771^**	0.820^**	0.847^**	0.855^**	0.927^**