不同施氮水平对油莎豆农田土壤养分表观平衡和块茎产量的影响

doi:10.13866/j.azr.2024.01.07

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

研究不同施氮水平下沙质土壤油莎豆（Cyperus esculentus）土壤养分表观平衡及块茎产量，为沙质土壤油莎豆科学施氮提供理论依据。以油莎豆品种“中油莎1号”为研究对象，分别设置0 kg·hm^-2（N0）、75 kg·hm^-2（N1）、150 kg·hm^-2（N2）、225 kg·hm^-2（N3）4个施氮水平。分析4个施氮水平对油莎豆农艺性状、土壤表观养分平衡及块茎产量的影响。结果表明：随着施氮量增加，两地油莎豆茎蘖数、株高、单片叶面积等均有增加，但过高的施氮量会造成油莎豆地上部徒长，导致产量下降；施氮量为150 kg·hm^-2（N2），油莎豆最大根长、根体积等农艺性状最优，油莎豆整株干重及块茎产量均最高，块茎鲜产可达到9298.87~10336.06 kg·hm^-2；两地氮素表观盈余率在0 kg·hm^-2（N0）和75 kg·hm^-2（N1）水平下均为负值，150 kg·hm^-2（N2）和225 kg·hm^-2（N3）水平下均为正值，表明两地氮素均在N2水平即施氮量为150 kg·hm^-2时达到氮素平衡状态。冗余分析也表明油莎豆茎蘖数、最大根长、根体积、氮携出量是驱动油莎豆干物质及块茎产量形成的主要因素。因此在北方沙质土壤条件下，N素施入量为150 kg·hm^-2时，可促进油莎豆对养分的吸收、维持土壤表观养分平衡，有利于油莎豆良好的生长发育和产量的提高。

关键词: 油莎豆, 施氮水平, 农艺性状, 块茎产量, 土壤养分表观平衡

Abstract:

This study aimed to investigate the apparent soil nitrogen balance and tuber yield of Cyperus esculentus in sandy farmland under different levels of nitrogen application and provide a theoretical basis for increasing the yield of Cyperus esculentus in sandy farmland. Four nitrogen fertilizer treatments, 0 kg·hm^-2(N0), 75 kg·hm^-2 (N1), 150 kg·hm^-2 (N2), and 225 kg·hm^-2 (N3), were applied to Cyperus esculentus in 2021 at the experimental site in Dengkou County, Bayannur City, Inner Mongolia, and Toketo County, Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot, China. The effects of the four different N application levels on agronomic traits, tuber yield, and clear soil nutrient balance of Cyperus esculentus were analyzed. The number of tillers, plant height, and single leaf area of C. esculentus increased alongside increasing N application, but excessive N application caused above-ground growth of C. esculentus, resulting in lower yield. At the application rate of 150 kg·hm^-2(N2), Cyperus esculentus exhibited superior agronomic traits, including maximum root length and root volume, the highest whole plant dry weight and tuber yield, and a fresh tuber yield of 9298.87 kg·hm^-2. The apparent nitrogen surplus rates in the two locations were negative at the levels of 0 kg·hm^-2(N0) and 75 kg·hm^-2(N1) and positive at the levels of 150 kg·hm^-2(N2) and 225 kg·hm^-2 (N3). This pattern indicates that nitrogen reached a balanced state at the N2 level in both locations, signifying an optimal nitrogen application rate of 150 kg·hm^-2. RDA analysis showed that tiller number, plant height, single leaf area, maximum root length, root volume, and nitrogen uptake were the main factors driving the formation of dry matter and tuber yield in C. esculentus. Therefore, in northern sandy soil conditions, the application of N at 150 kg·hm^-2 can promote the absorption of nutrients by Cyperus esculentus and maintain the apparent nutrient balance of soil, which is conducive to the growth, development, and yield formation of Cyperus esculentus.

Key words: Cyperus esculentus, nitrogen application levels, agronomic traits, tuber yield, soil apparent nutrient balance

曹秭琦, 路战远, 任永峰, 赵小庆, 王建国, 侯智慧, 韩云飞, 王登云, 尚学燕, 段锐. 不同施氮水平对油莎豆农田土壤养分表观平衡和块茎产量的影响[J]. 干旱区研究, 2024, 41(1): 71-79.

CAO Ziqi, LU Zhanyuan, REN Yongfeng, ZHAO Xiaoqing, WANG Jianguo, HOU Zhihui, HAN Yunfei, WANG Dengyun, SHANG Xueyan, DUAN Rui. Effects of different nitrogen levels on the apparent soil nutrient balance and tuber yield of Cyperus esculentus farmland[J]. Arid Zone Research, 2024, 41(1): 71-79.

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试验地	pH	有机质/(g·kg^-1)	全氮/（g·kg^-1）	全磷/（g·kg^-1）	全钾/（g·kg^-1）	有效磷/（mg·kg^-1）	速效钾/（mg·kg^-1）
托克托县	8.35	12.12	1.02	1.29	10.85	7.92	49.7
磴口县	8.96	8.86	0.73	0.6	6.8	3.65	38.78

水平	茎蘖数/个		株高/cm		单片叶面积/cm²		最大根长/cm		根体积/cm³
水平	托克托县	磴口县	托克托县	磴口县	托克托县	磴口县	托克托县	磴口县	托克托县	磴口县
N0	18.00± 0.58b	23.00± 2.08b	58.93± 0.91c	60.47± 4.84c	48.62± 2.33a	46.51± 5.43b	19.57± 3.07a	23.93±1.08a	59.11± 1.68c	66.67± 4.51b
N1	20.00± 1.07b	24.00± 2.08ab	61.91± 3.17bc	65.77± 1.79bc	49.90± 3.58a	50.67± 3.23ab	21.37± 4.00a	26.10±1.32a	70.67± 4.16ab	70.33± 3.06ab
N2	25.00± 1.00a	28.00± 4.16ab	67.38± 2.94ab	69.87± 1.99b	51.87± 2.10a	53.27± 2.39ab	22.30± 1.70a	26.60±3.03a	72.22± 3.42a	75.67± 0.58a
N3	25.00± 2.52a	29.00± 2.00a	69.83± 4.83a	78.47± 1.30a	52.11± 0.85a	55.27± 3.33a	19.47± 3.59a	25.70±1.40a	64.00± 5.29bc	70.00± 4.36ab

水平	整株干重/（g·株^-1）		块茎产量/（kg·hm^-2）
水平	托克托县	磴口县	托克托县	磴口县
N0	118.87±2.49c	117.78±2.56b	7346.53±38.56d	8874.79±45.99d
N1	126.60±2.19ab	127.40±4.84ab	8787.10±25.19c	9658.92±37.73c
N2	132.40±3.12a	138.81±4.07a	9298.87±37.33a	10336.06±28.31a
N3	128.07±1.27ab	135.78±1.91a	8997.53±88.69b	9910.80±32.82b

水平			N0	N1	N2	N3
氮表观平衡	总投入量/（kg·hm^-2）	托克托县	0	75	150	225
	总投入量/（kg·hm^-2）	磴口县	0	75	150	225
	总携出量/（kg·hm^-2）	托克托县	128.07±5.05b	132.93±3.44ab	140.06±4.03a	139.54±0.89a
	总携出量/（kg·hm^-2）	磴口县	108.56±5.23c	125.19±5.77b	134.63±2.97a	132.94±4.55ab
	表观平衡值/（kg·hm^-2）	托克托县	-128.07±5.05d	-57.93±3.44c	9.94±4.03b	85.46±0.89a
	表观平衡值/（kg·hm^-2）	磴口县	-108.56±5.23d	-50.19±5.77c	15.37±2.97b	92.06±4.55a
	表观盈余率/%	托克托县	-100±0.00d	-43.55±1.45c	7.16±3.09b	61.25±1.03a
	表观盈余率/%	磴口县	-100.00±0.00d	-40.00±2.76c	11.45±2.49b	69.38±5.90a
磷表观平衡	总投入量/（kg·hm^-2）	托克托县	240	240	240	240
	总投入量/（kg·hm^-2）	磴口县	240	240	240	240
	总携出量/（kg·hm^-2）	托克托县	27.14±0.80c	31.29±0.47a	31.68±0.78a	28.54±0.54b
	总携出量/（kg·hm^-2）	磴口县	18.66±0.90b	22.75±1.76a	22.67±1.64a	17.62±0.77b
	表观平衡值/（kg·hm^-2）	托克托县	212.86±0.80a	208.71±0.47c	208.32±0.78c	211.46±0.54b
	表观平衡值/（kg·hm^-2）	磴口县	221.34±0.90a	217.25±1.76b	217.33±1.64b	222.38±0.77a
	表观盈余率/%	托克托县	784.97±25.68a	667.07±11.50c	657.94±18.77c	741.11±15.95b
	表观盈余率/%	磴口县	1188.08±62.57a	959.12±82.70b	962.24±78.28b	1263.68±58.95a
钾表观平衡	总投入量/（kg·hm^-2）	托克托县	120	120	120	120
	总投入量/（kg·hm^-2）	磴口县	120	120	120	120
	总携出量/（kg·hm^-2）	托克托县	151.18±6.31b	167.59±2.25a	155.89±4.38b	138.67±2.52c
	总携出量/（kg·hm^-2）	磴口县	95.85±5.56a	94.74±5.34a	89.71±1.72a	87.70±6.53a
	表观平衡值/（kg·hm^-2）	托克托县	-31.18±6.31b	-47.59±2.25c	-35.89±4.38b	-18.67±2.52a
	表观平衡值/（kg·hm^-2）	磴口县	24.15±5.56a	25.26±5.34a	30.29±1.72a	32.30±6.53a
	表观盈余率/%	托克托县	-20.53±3.29b	-28.39±0.96c	-22.98±2.17b	-13.44±1.56a
	表观盈余率/%	磴口县	25.47±7.07a	26.93±6.98a	33.80±2.57a	37.36±10.65a