生物炭施加对微咸水滴灌棉田土壤水热盐及棉花生长的影响

doi:10.13866/j.azr.2024.02.15

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为解决北疆淡水缺乏和土壤质量下降的问题，通过大田试验探明不同灌水矿化度及生物炭施加量对棉田土壤水热盐环境及棉花生长的影响。设置4个生物炭施加水平（B0：0 t·hm^-2、B1：20 t·hm^-2、B2：40 t·hm^-2、B3：60 t·hm^-2）和3个灌水矿化度水平（S1：1 g·L^-1、S2：3 g·L^-1、S3：5 g·L^-1），采用双因素完全随机组合试验，研究不同处理对土壤水盐温分布、棉花生长指标、干物质积累量、产量及水分利用率的影响。结果表明：施加生物炭与灌水矿化度的增加均使得土壤含水率和含盐量升高。生物炭施加量的增加使得平均土壤温度升高，升高幅度介于5.9%~15.1%，灌水矿化度对平均土壤温度存在显著影响，但各处理间差异不显著。生物炭施加提高棉花株高、叶面积指数和地上部干物质量。棉花籽棉产量和水分利用率最大值均出现在B2S2处理，为6526.4 kg·hm^-2和2.01 kg·hm^-2；最小值均出现在B0S3处理，较B2S2处理分别减少18.50%和26.87%。构建多元回归方程，基于棉花高产、高水分利用率；结合归一化处理和空间分析得出最佳生物炭施加量、灌水矿化度区间分别为26~46 t·hm^-2和2.45~3.04 g·L^-1。

关键词: 生物炭施加量, 微咸水矿化度, 棉花生长, 产量, 多元回归分析

Abstract:

To address the challenges of fresh water shortage and soil quality decline in northern Xinjiang, a field experiment was conducted, investigating the effects of different irrigation water salinity levels and biochar application on the soil hydrothermal conditions, soil salinity, and cotton growth in cotton fields. Four biochar application levels (B0: 0 t·hm^-2, B1: 20 t·hm^-2, B2: 40 t·hm^-2, B3: 60 t·hm^-2) and three irrigation water salinity levels (S1: 1 g·L^-1, S2: 3 g·L^-1, S3: 5 g·L^-1) were established. A two-factor completely randomized combination test was used to analyze the effects of these treatments on soil water and salt temperature distribution, cotton growth index, dry matter accumulation, yield, and water use efficiency. The findings indicated that increased biochar and irrigation water salinity levels raised soil water and salt content. Higher biochar application increased the average soil temperature, while irrigation water salinity notably influenced the average soil temperature (P < 0.01). B2S2 treatment increased the cotton plant height, leaf area index, and aboveground dry matter. Optimal yield and water use efficiency occurred in the B2S2 treatment. In contrast, the B0S3 treatment displayed the lowest values, 18.50% and 26.87% lower in yield and water use efficiency, respectively, compared to the B2S2 treatment. A multiple regression equation, combined with normalization and spatial analysis, was established. The optimal biochar amount and irrigation water salinity range based on cotton yield and water use efficiency were 26-46 t·hm^-2 and 2.45-3.04 g·L^-1, respectively.

Key words: the amount of biochar applied, brackish water salinity, cotton growth, yield, multivariate regression analysis

赖虹雨, 吕德生, 朱艳, 王振华, 温越, 宋利兵, 齐浩. 生物炭施加对微咸水滴灌棉田土壤水热盐及棉花生长的影响[J]. 干旱区研究, 2024, 41(2): 326-338.

LAI Hongyu, LYU Desheng, ZHU Yan, WANG Zhenhua, WEN Yue, SONG Libing, QI Hao. Effects of biochar application on soil hydrothermal salinity and cotton growth in brackish water drip irrigation cotton field[J]. Arid Zone Research, 2024, 41(2): 326-338.

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土壤深度/cm	土壤容重/(g·cm^-3)	土壤含盐量/(dS·m^-1)	pH	土壤有机质/(g·kg^-1)
0~20	1.55	2.48	7.74	1.52
20~40	1.49	2.15	7.83	1.79
40~60	1.58	2.02	7.90	1.90
60~80	1.64	1.89	8.07	1.45
80~100	1.63	1.81	7.89	1.67

生育期	灌水日期/月-日	灌水量 /(m³·hm^-2)	施肥量/(kg·hm^-2)
生育期	灌水日期/月-日	灌水量 /(m³·hm^-2)	尿素	磷酸二氢钾
苗期	04-17	42	59	29.5
蕾期	06-05	42	59	29.5
	06-15	42	59	29.5
	06-25	42	59	29.5
	07-05	42	59	29.5
花铃期	07-15	42	59	29.5
	07-24	42	59	29.5
	08-03	42	59	29.5
	08-12	42	59	29.5
吐絮期	08-21	42	59	29.5
全生育期	04-17—10-05	420	590	295

处理	单株有效铃数/(个·株^-1)	单铃质量/g	籽棉产量/(kg·hm^-2)	作物耗水量/mm	水分利用率/(kg·m^-3)
B0S1	9.61±0.13cde	5.50±0.20bcd	5614.73±96.47ef	343.68±10.16bcd	1.63±0.03e
B1S1	10.59±0.88abcd	5.74±0.46abcd	5870.47±85.77d	341.72±3.49cd	1.72±0.04de
B2S1	10.71±0.49abc	6.03±0.36abc	6030.96±62.54c	332.68±12.60de	1.81±0.05c
B3S1	10.38±0.73abcde	5.64±0.11abcd	5776.84±44.33d	334.23±11.87de	1.73±0.05d
B0S2	10.67±0.41abcd	5.81±0.40abcd	6043.24±65.11c	353.90±4.69bc	1.71±0.01de
B1S2	11.21±1.01a	6.20±0.42a	6324.02±91.83b	325.21±2.23e	1.94±0.03ab
B2S2	11.37±0.67a	6.31±0.26a	6526.35±117.66a	324.98±7.60e	2.01±0.05a
B3S2	10.85±0.55ab	6.13±0.12ab	6219.14±68.33b	334.32±9.04de	1.86±0.07bc
B0S3	9.23±0.79e	5.12±0.45d	5318.65±71.4g	359.26±3.06ab	1.47±0.02f
B1S3	9.46±0.38de	5.34±0.23cd	5557.56±47.58f	371.17±11.24a	1.50±0.06f
B2S3	10.14±0.48abcde	5.66±0.54abcd	5767.33±30.32de	351.66±4.60bc	1.64±0.03e
B3S3	9.68±0.21bcde	5.29±0.23d	5538.21±78.09f	358.79±5.51ab	1.54±0.01f
B	3.340^*	3.569^*	54.761^**	6.179^**	41.831^**
S	15.478^**	14.699^**	289.344^**	36.178^**	208.385^**
B×S	0.313ns	0.092ns	0.305ns	3.452^*	3.898^**

输出变量	回归方程	决定系数	显著性
产量	Y₁=4932.58+813×S+22.48×B-148.46×S²-0.33×B²+0.28×S×B	0.95182	<0.01
水分利用率	Y₂=1.28+0.24×S+0.005×B-0.043×S²-0.000063×B²+0.00016×S×B	0.87970	<0.01