西北一次强沙尘天气的数值模拟及其诊断

doi:10.13866/j.azr.2025.01.01

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

沙尘天气是干旱半干旱地区的主要灾害性天气，强沙尘天气对生命健康和生活生产造成严重损失。本文利用2023年3月18日至23日的国家气象信息中心地面观测数据、MODIS卫星数据及城市空气质量数据，结合后向轨迹模式（HYSPLIT）及大气化学模式WRF-Chem，对中国西北地区一次强沙尘天气的源地及其影响范围进行讨论，并着重分析中间站点张掖强沙尘天气的形成。结果表明：此次影响中国北方大部分地区的沙尘天气呈阶段性起沙，分别在19日、20日、21日于不同区域产生，传播范围与影响区域各异。河西走廊地区沙尘主要源于酒泉市的沙尘源，WRF-Chem模拟显示张掖站的PM₁₀浓度最高，达6966.7 μg·m^-3。张掖的沙尘事件具有上游输入和本地扬沙的双重来源：一方面，酒泉市附近超过16 m·s^-1的近地面强西北风在不稳定层结影响下产生上升运动，将沙尘带至高空并向下游传播，在张掖3~4 km高度处沉降；另一方面，在上游沙尘输入前，张掖低层大气已不稳定，地面大风和风向辐合触发上升运动，扬起本地沙尘，进一步增强沙尘强度。

关键词: 强沙尘天气, 数值模拟, 诊断分析, 西北地区

Abstract:

Dust storms are a major weather hazard in arid and semiarid regions, causing significant harm to human health and welfare and productivity. This study examined a severe dust storm event in northwest China using surface observation data from the National Meteorological Information Center, MODIS satellite data, and urban air quality data from March 18 to 23, 2023. The study combined the HYSPLIT backward trajectory model and the WRF-Chem atmospheric chemistry model to examine the dust source and impact range, focusing on the mechanisms behind the severe dust storm at Zhangye, a central site along the transport path. The main findings were that the dust storm affected much of northern China in phases, with dust emissions occurring in distinct regions on March 19, 20, and 21, each with unique transport ranges and impact areas. Dust in the Hexi Corridor primarily originated from Jiuquan. WRF-Chem simulations showed that the highest PM₁₀ concentration occurred at Zhangye Station, reaching 6966.7 μg·m^-3 The dust event in Zhangye originated from upstream dust transport and local dust emission. First, near-surface intense northwesterly winds over 16 m·s^-1 near Jiuquan, under unstable atmospheric conditions, triggered upward movement, which lifted dust particles to high altitudes and transported them downstream, where they settled around 3-4 km above Zhangye. Second, before the arrival of upstream dust, Zhangye’s lower atmosphere exhibited instability, and the convergence of strong surface winds and wind direction triggered local dust uplift, further intensifying the dust storm.

Key words: severe dusty weather, numerical simulation, diagnostic analysis, Northwest China

曹译丹, 马敏劲, 康国强, 陈然. 西北一次强沙尘天气的数值模拟及其诊断[J]. 干旱区研究, 2025, 42(1): 1-13.

CAO Yidan, MA Minjin, KANG Guoqiang, CHEN Ran. Numerical simulation and diagnosis of a severe dust storm event in Northwest China[J]. Arid Zone Research, 2025, 42(1): 1-13.

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物理/化学过程	参数化方案
微物理	Lin
长波辐射	RRTMG
短波辐射	RRTMG
积云参数化	Grell-Devenyi
边界层	YSU
近地面层	Monin-Obukhov
陆面过程	Noah
气溶胶参数化	GOCART
起沙参数化	Shao04