黄河兰州段河岸带沉积物磷的形态分布及释放风险

doi:10.13866/j.azr.2024.12.06

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

磷污染作为水系统的重要组成部分，过度积累会引起水体富营养化，而河岸带作为连接陆地与水体的过渡区域，其对于控制磷的流失至关重要。故采用SMT法及Psenner分级提取法研究了黄河兰州段河岸带沉积物中的磷形态及分布特征，再结合平衡浓度评价法、单因子及生物有效磷污染指数评价法对磷释放风险进行了研究。结果表明：研究区沉积物总磷平均含量处于较高水平（1240.07 mg∙kg^-1），其中磷形态以无机磷为主，而无机磷则以钙磷主要赋存形态。研究区沉积物磷平衡浓度均高于上覆水溶解性活性磷浓度，这表明沉积物是作为上覆水的“磷源”存在的；而根据磷的单因子污染指数及生物有效磷污染指数评价结果可知，尽管该地区总磷污染以重度污染为主，但区域内生物有效磷污染评价结果显示，黄河兰州段的磷生态污染状况相对较好。

关键词: 西北地区, 黄河流域, 河岸带, 磷形态, 磷释放风险

Abstract:

Phosphorus pollution is a significant concern in aquatic systems, as excessive accumulation can lead to eutrophication. The riparian zone, a vital transitional area between land and water, is crucial for mitigating phosphorous loss. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the forms and distribution characteristics of phosphorus in the sediments of the riparian zone along the Yellow River in Lanzhou using the SMT method and the Psenner classification extraction method. Additionally, we assessed the risk of phosphorus release using the balance concentration assessment method, single-factor analysis, and the bioavailable phosphorus pollution index. The results indicate that the average total phosphorus content in the sediments of the study area is relatively high, measuring 1240.07 mg∙kg^-1, with inorganic phosphorus as the dominant form, primarily calcium phosphorus. The phosphorus balance concentration in the sediments exceeds that of dissolved reactive phosphorus in the overlying water, indicating that the sediments act as a “phosphorus source” for the overlying water. Furthermore, evaluations of the single-factor pollution index and the bioavailable phosphorus pollution index reveal that while total phosphorus pollution in the area is primarily classified as heavy, the ecological pollution status of phosphorus in the Lanzhou section of the Yellow River is relatively good.

Key words: Northwest China, the Yellow River Basin, riparian zone, phosphorus forms, phosphorus release risk

王若凡, 刘雨欣, 李佩钢, 唐悦, 谢微. 黄河兰州段河岸带沉积物磷的形态分布及释放风险[J]. 干旱区研究, 2024, 41(12): 2035-2044.

WANG Ruofan, LIU Yuxin, LI Peigang, TANG Yue, XIE Wei. Phosphorous distribution patterns and release risks in the riparian zone sediments of the Lanzhou section of the Yellow River[J]. Arid Zone Research, 2024, 41(12): 2035-2044.

图/表 10

图1

图2

图3

表1

沉积物污染指数评价标准"

风险级别	$P T P$	污染程度
Ⅰ	$P T P 0.5$	清洁
Ⅱ	$0.5 ≤ P T P 1$	轻度污染
Ⅲ	$1 ≤ P T P 1.5$	中度污染
Ⅳ	$1.5 ≤ P T P$	重度污染

表1

表2

图4

图5

图6

表3

表4

单因子污染指数（PTP）及生物有效指数（PKTP）风险等级分类"

样点编号	$P T P$		风险等级	$P K T P$		风险等级
样点编号	枯水期	丰水期	风险等级	枯水期	丰水期	风险等级
1#	1.87	2.02	重度污染	0.33	0.33	清洁
2#	1.90	2.07	重度污染	0.30	0.33	清洁
3#	2.02	2.10	重度污染	0.33	0.34	清洁
4#	2.17	2.32	重度污染	0.38	0.47	清洁
5#	2.15	2.16	重度污染	0.37	0.37	清洁
6#	2.06	2.21	重度污染	0.33	0.36	清洁
7#	1.95	2.08	重度污染	0.31	0.36	清洁
8#	1.96	2.03	重度污染	0.30	0.32	清洁

表4

参考文献 40

[1]	李清雪, 靳慧慧, 赵海萍, 等. 向家坝库区沉积物磷形态分布及释放风险[J]. 环境科学学报, 2022, 42(9): 182-190.
	[Li Qingxue, Jin Huihui, Zhao Haiping, et al. Distribution characteristics of sediments phosphorus species of Xiangjiaba Reservoir and release risk[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2022, 42(9): 182-190. ]
[2]	何宜颖, 陈建耀, 高磊, 等. 惠州白盆珠水库沉积物营养元素时空变化特征及源解析[J]. 生态环境学报, 2020, 29(7): 1419-1426. doi: 10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2020.07.017
	[He Yiying, Chen Jianyao, Gao Lei, et al. Spatial and temporal variations of sediment nutrients and relevant sources identification in Baipenzhu Reservoir, Guangdong Province[J]. Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 2020, 29(7): 1419-1426. ]
[3]	韩谞, 潘保柱, 陈越, 等. 黄河水环境特征与氮磷负荷时空分布[J]. 环境科学, 2021, 42(12): 5786-5795.
	[Han Xu, Pan Baozhu, Chen Yue, et al. Characteristics of water environment and spatial-temporal distribution of nitrogen and phosphorus load in the Yellow River[J]. Environmental Science, 2021, 42(12): 5786-5795. ]
[4]	李煜. 漳河上游流域沉积物磷形态分布特征及其生态风险评价[D]. 保定: 河北工程大学, 2022.
	[Li Yu. Distribution Characteristics of PhosphorusForms and lts Ecological Risk Assessmentin Sediments in the Zhanghe River Upstream[D]. Baoding: Hebei University of Engineering, 2022. ]
[5]	孙猛, 包宇飞, 王雨春, 等. 澜沧江梯级水库沉积物磷形态特征及释放风险[J]. 中国环境科学, 2023, 43(7): 3634-3643.
	[Sun Meng, Bao Yufei, Wang Yuchun, et al. Characteristics of phosphorus fractions distribution and release risk of sediment in the cascade reservoirs in the middle and lower reaches of Lancang River[J]. China Environment Science, 2023, 43(7): 3634-3643. ]
[6]	辛星. 干湿交替作用下鄱阳湖湿地土壤氮磷变化特征模拟研究[D]. 开封: 河南大学, 2018.
	[Xin Xing. Influence of Drying-rewetting on Nitrogen and Phosphorus in Wetland Soil of Lake Poyang: A Simulation Study[D]. Kaifeng: Henan University, 2018. ]
[7]	王晓丽, 包华影, 郭博书. 黄河上中游沉积物理化特征及磷赋存形态研究[J]. 环境科学, 2009, 30(3): 720-725.
	[Wang Xiaoli, Bao Huaying, Guo Boshu. Physical chemical characteristics and phosphorus speciation of the sediments in the upper and middle reaches of the Yellow River[J]. Environmental Science, 2009, 30(3): 720-725. ]
[8]	郭晨辉, 刘利军, 孙晓杰, 等. 黄河甘宁蒙段表层沉积物中磷的释放风险评估[J]. 环境污染与防治, 2021, 43(4): 486-491.
	[Guo Chenhui, Liu Lijun, Sun Xiaojie, et al. Risk assessment of phosphorus release from surface sediments in the Gansu, Ningxia and lnner Mongolia sections of the Yellow River[J]. Environmental Pollution & Control, 2021, 43(4): 486-491. ]
[9]	杨宏伟, 杨小红, 韩明梅. 黄河表层沉积物中磷形态分布与释放风险[J]. 环境化学, 2016, 35(2): 403-410.
	[Yang Hongwei, Yang Xiaohong, Han Mingmei. Distribution of phosphorus species and their release risks in the surface sediments from different reaches along Yellow River[J]. Environmental Chemistry, 2016, 35(2): 403-410. ]
[10]	刘崴, 胡俊栋, 范晨子, 等. 云南安宁磷矿区水系沉积物磷赋存形态及分布特征[J]. 岩矿测试, 2024, 43(1): 177-188.
	[Liu Wei, Hu Jundong, Fan Chenzi, et al. Chemical forms and distribution characteristics of phosphorus in the sediments of the Anning phosphate mining area, Yunan Province[J]. Rock and Mineral Analysis, 2024, 43(1): 177-188. ]
[11]	金晓丹, 吴昊, 陈志明, 等. 长江河口水库沉积物磷形态、吸附和释放特性[J]. 环境科学, 2015, 36(2): 448-456.
	[Jin Xiaodan, Wu Hao, Chen Zhiming, et al. Phosphorus fractions, sorption characteristics and its release in the sediments of Yangtze Estuary Reservoir, China[J]. Environmental Science, 2015, 36(2): 448-456. ]
[12]	宋媛媛, 冯慕华, 苏争光, 等. 抚仙湖不同来源沉积物磷形态垂向分布特征[J]. 环境科学学报, 2013, 33(9): 2579-2589.
	[Song Yuanyuan, Feng Muhua, Su Zhengguang, et al. Vertical distribution of chemical speciation of phosphorus in sediments from different sources of Fuxian Lake[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2013, 33(9): 2579-2589. ]
[13]	Tu L, Jarosch K A, Schneider T, et al. Phosphorus fractions in sediments and their relevance for historical lake eutrophication in the Ponte Tresa basin(Lake Lugano, Switzerland)since 1959[J]. The Science of the Total Environment, 2019, 685(1): 806-817.
[14]	Psenner R. Fractionation of phosphorus in suspended matter and sediment[J]. Arch Hydrobiol Beih, 1988, 30: 98-110.
[15]	Hedley M J, Stewart J W B, Chauhan B S. Changes in inorganic and organic soil phosphorus fractions induced by cultivation practices and by laboratory incubations[J]. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 1982, 46(5): 970.
[16]	朱梦圆, 朱广伟, 钱君龙, 等. SMT法插标分析沉积物中磷的地球化学形态[J]. 中国环境科学, 2012, 32(8): 1502-1507.
	[Zhu Mengyuan, Zhu Guangwei, Qian Junlong, et al. SMT method for geochemical phosphorus fraction analysis in sediment by reference material inserting[J]. China Environment Science, 2012, 32(8): 1502-1507. ]
[17]	袁征, 张志高, 闫瑾, 等. 1960—2020年黄河流域不同等级降水时空特征[J]. 干旱区研究, 2024, 41(8): 1259-1271. doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2024.08.01
	[Yuan Zheng, Zhang Zhigao, Yan Jin, et al. Spatiotemporal characteristics of different grades of precipitation in Yellow River Basin from 1960 to 2020[J]. Arid Zone Research, 2024, 41(8): 1259-1271. ] doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2024.08.01
[18]	马淑平. 黄河兰州段流域水环境科学问题调查及综合治理[J]. 水上安全, 2023(9): 145-147.
	[Ma Shuping. Investigation of scientific problems and comprehensive management of water environment in the watershed of Lanzhou section of the Yellow River[J]. Maritime Safety, 2023(9): 145-147. ]
[19]	Long Y C, Hu X J, Jiang J, et al. Phosphorus sorption-Desorption behaviors in the sediments cultured with Hydrilla verticillata and Scripus triqueter as revealed by phosphorus fraction and dissolved organic matter[J]. Chemosphere, 2021, 271: 129549.
[20]	Zhu Guangrui, Yang Ying. Variation laws and release characteristics of phosphorus on surface sediment of Dongting Lake[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2018, 25(13): 12342-12351.
[21]	Ye Hongmeng, Yand Hao, Han Nian, et al. Risk assessment based on nitrogen and phosphorus forms in watershed sediments: A case study of the upper reaches of the Minjiang watershed[J]. Sustainability, 2019, 11(20): 5565-5585.
[22]	叶宏萌, 袁旭音, 李国平, 等. 闽北建溪流域表层沉积物营养元素分布特征及生态风险评价[J]. 环境化学, 2018, 37(11): 2481-2488.
	[Ye Hongmeng, Yuan Xuyin, Li Guoping, et al. Distribution and ecological risk assessment of nutrient elements in surface sediments of Jianxi Watershed in northern Fuiian[J]. Environmental Chemistry, 2018, 37(11): 2481-2488. ]
[23]	陈珏, 支鸣强, 朱德龙, 等. 太湖底泥营养物及重金属污染分布特征及风险评估[J/OL]. 中国环境科学, 1-9, 2024-08-13.
	[Chen Jue, Zhi Mingqiang, Zhu Delong, et al. Distribution characteristics and risk assessment of nutrient and heavy metal pollution in sediment in Taihu Lake[J/OL]. China Environmental Science, 1-9, 2024-08-13. ]
[24]	李乾岗, 田颖, 刘玲, 等. 水体中沉积物氮和磷的释放机制及其影响因素研究进展[J]. 湿地科学, 2022, 20(1): 94-103.
	[Li Qiangang, Tian Ying, Liu Ling, et al. Research progress on release mechanisms of nitrogen and phosphorus of sediments in water bodies and their influencing factors[J]. Wetland Science, 2022, 20(1): 94-103. ]
[25]	白丽丽, 王文颖, 德却拉姆, 等. 祁连山典型植被土壤碳、氮、磷含量及生态化学计量特征的垂直变化[J]. 干旱区研究, 2024, 41(3): 444-455. doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2024.03.09
	[Bai Lili, Wang Wenying, Dequelamu, et al. Elevational variations in ecological soil C, N, and P stoichiometry among five typical vegetation types in the Qilian Mountains[J]. Arid Zone Research, 2024, 41(3): 444-455. ] doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2024.03.09
[26]	Barik S K, Bramha S, Bastia T K, et al. Distribution of geochemical fractions of phosphorus and its ecological risk in sediment cores of a largest brackish water lake, South Asia[J]. International Journal of Sediment Research, 2019b, 34(3): 251-261. ]
[27]	邹凯波, 张玉虎, 刘晓伟, 等. 气候变化下乌伦古河流域农业面源污染负荷响应[J]. 干旱区研究, 2022, 39(2): 625-637. doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2022.02.29
	[Zou Kaibo, Zhang Yuhu, Liu Xiaowei, et al. Response of agricultural nonpoint source pollution load in the Ulungur River Basin under climate change[J]. Arid Zone Research, 2022, 39(2): 625-637. ] doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2022.02.29
[28]	李乐, 王圣瑞, 焦立新, 等. 滇池柱状沉积物磷形态垂向变化及对释放的贡献[J]. 环境科学, 2016, 37(9): 3384-3393.
	[Li Le, Wang Shengrui, Jiao Lixin, et al. Vertical variation of phosphorus forms in Lake Dianchi and contribution to release[J]. Environmental Science, 2016, 37(9): 3384-3393. ]
[29]	宋琳, 陈超, 冯晓玉, 等. 升钟湖夏季水和沉积物中磷形态分布特征[J]. 长江科学院院报, 2022, 39(10): 45-53. doi: 10.11988/ckyyb.20210659
	[Song Lin, Chen Chao, Feng Xiaoyu, et al. Distribution characteristics of phosphorus forms in water and sediment of Shengzhong Lake in Summer[J]. Journal of Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute, 2022, 39(10): 45-53. ]
[30]	向速林, 楚明航, 刘丽贞, 等. 鄱阳湖流域赣江(南昌段)沉积物磷赋存形态特征及释放风险分析[J]. 湖泊科学, 2024, 36(4): 1121-1130.
	[Xiang Sulin, Chu Minghang, Liu Lizhen, et al. Characteristics and release risk of phosphorus fractions in sediments of Nanchang section of Ganjiang River, Lake Poyang Basin[J]. Journal of Lake Sciences, 2024, 36(4): 1121-1130. ]
[31]	黄威, 靳郑海, 凃成琪, 等. 城市河网区河流沉积物磷形态分布特征及释放贡献[J]. 环境科学学报, 2022, 42(12): 171-185.
	[Huang Wei, Jin Zhenghai, Tu Chengqi, et al. Distribution characteristics and release risk of phosphorus forms in a urban river network region[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2022, 42(12): 171-185. ]
[32]	蒋娟, 龙云川, 姚小琴, 等. 贵州草海沉积物磷形态分布及释放风险分析[J]. 环境科学学报, 2022, 42(7): 347-358.
	[Jiang Juan, Long Yunchuan, Yao Xiaoqin, et al. Fraction distribution and release risk analysis of phosphorus in sediments from Caohai, Guizhou[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2022, 42(7): 347-358. ]
[33]	吴虎彬, 李荣富, 吴永明, 等. 干湿交替对湖泊沉积物中磷的形态及释放速率影响[J]. 人民长江, 2024, 55(2): 57-64, 76.
	[Wu Hubin, Li Rongfu, Wu Yongming, et al. Effects of dry-Wet alternations on form and release rate of phosphorus in lake sediments[J]. Yangtze River, 2024, 55(2): 57-64, 76. ]
[34]	汤宁, 李如忠, 王聿庆, 等. 污水厂尾水受纳河段沉积物磷形态及释放风险效应[J]. 环境科学, 2020, 41(2): 801-808.
	[Tang Ning, Li Ruzhong, Wang Yuqing, et al. Phosphorus forms and release risk of sediments in urban sewage treatment plant effluent and receiving stream reach[J]. Environmental Science, 2020, 41(2): 801-808. ]
[35]	王敬富, 陈敬安, 杨海全, 等. 贵州红枫湖沉积物磷的生物有效性研究[J]. 地球与环境, 2016, 44(4): 437-440.
	[Wang Jingfu, Chen Jingan, Yang Haiquan, et al. Bioavailable phosphorus in sediments from lake Hongfeng, Southwestern China[J]. Earth and Environment, 2016, 44(4): 437-440. ]
[36]	张万年, 杨子, 严玉鹏, 等. 土壤有机磷的矿化及其调控研究进展[J/OL]. 土壤学报, 1-13, [2024-08-14].
	[Zhang Wannian, Yang Zi, Yan Yupeng, et al. Research progress on soil organic phosphorus mineralization and its regulation[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 1-13, [2024-08-14]. ]
[37]	刘培怡. 黄河上游沉积物中磷形态分布及其对磷的吸附特征研究[D]. 呼和浩特: 内蒙古师范大学, 2011.
	[Liu Peiyi. Distributions of Phosphorus Forms and Adsorption Characteristics of Phosphorus in Sediments from the Upper Reaches of the Yellow River[D]. Hohhot: Inner Mongolia Normal University, 2011. ]
[38]	粟文豪, 朱新萍, 王灵, 等. 乌鲁木齐及周边区域河道沉积物氨磷赋存形态特征及污染评价[J]. 生态与农村环境学报, 2023, 39(12): 1547-1558.
	[Su Wenhao, Zhu Xinping, Wang Ling, et al. Characteristics and pollution assessment of nitrogen and phosphorus fractions in river sediments in urumgi and surrounding areas[J]. Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment, 2023, 39(12): 1547-1558. ]
[39]	陈洁, 许海, 詹旭, 等. 湖泊沉积物-水界面磷的迁移转化机制与定量研究方法[J]. 湖泊科学, 2019, 31(4): 907-918.
	[Chen Jie, Xu Hai, Zhan Xu, et al. Mechanisms and research methods of phosphorus migration and transformation across sediment-water interface[J]. Journal of Lake Sciences, 2019, 31(4): 907-918. ]
[40]	高春梅, 张中发, 张硕. 海州湾秋季沉积物磷的形态分布及生物有效性[J]. 中国环境科学, 2018, 38(4): 1499-1509.
	[Gao Chunmei, Zhang Zhongfa, Zhang Shuo. Speciation and bio-availability of phosphorus in sediments (autumn) of Haizhou bay[J]. China Environmental Science, 2018, 38(4): 1499-1509. ]

	TP/(mg·L^-1)	NH₃-N/(mg·L^-1)	COD_Mn/(mg·L^-1)	pH	溶解氧/(mg·L^-1)	温度/℃
夏季	0.04~0.05	0.12~0.36	1.21~2.23	7.48~8.44	8.52~9.67	9.9~14.6
冬季	0.02~0.04	0.12~0.27	1.32~1.85	7.32~8.12	9.14~11.26	1.0~5.5

样点编号	等温吸附方程		EPC₀/（mg∙L^-1）
样点编号	枯水期	丰水期	枯水期	丰水期
1#	Q=24.701C₀-4.3026	Q=21.552C₀-3.3226	0.17	0.15
2#	Q=27.817C₀-5.0574	Q=22.737C₀-6.5012	0.18	0.28
3#	Q=26.496C₀-7.8595	Q=21.653C₀-2.5250	0.31	0.12
4#	Q=29.460C₀-10.920	Q=22.742C₀-12.544	0.37	0.55
5#	Q=28.545C₀-8.1926	Q=23.140C₀-5.0191	0.29	0.22
6#	Q=30.729C₀-8.7721	Q=20.851C₀-2.4630	0.29	0.12
7#	Q=26.947C₀-5.9402	Q=18.588C₀-1.6916	0.22	0.09
8#	Q=26.377C₀-6.7415	Q=20.680C₀-2.0075	0.26	0.10