柴达木盆地典型流域地表水-地下水转化关系及水化学特征

doi:10.13866/j.azr.2022.05.19

干旱区研究 ›› 2022, Vol. 39 ›› Issue (5): 1543-1554.doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2022.05.19

柴达木盆地典型流域地表水-地下水转化关系及水化学特征

杨海娇¹(),魏加华^1,²(),任倩慧¹

1.青海大学三江源生态与高原农牧业国家重点实验室/水利部江河源区水生态治理与保护重点实验室/水利电力学院/黄河上游生态保护与高质量发展实验室,青海西宁 810016
2.清华大学水沙科学与水利水电工程国家重点实验室,北京 100084

收稿日期:2022-03-17 修回日期:2022-05-27 出版日期:2022-09-15 发布日期:2022-10-25
通讯作者: 魏加华
作者简介:杨海娇（1989-）,女,博士研究生,讲师,主要从事水文学及水资源的研究工作. E-mail: yyeezzii@163.com
基金资助:
青海省科技计划-重大科技专项(2021-SF-A6);清华大学水沙科学与水利水电工程国家重点实验室开放基金项目(sklhse-2019-A-04)

Interaction between surface water and groundwater and hydrochemical characteristics in the typical watersheds of the Qaidam Basin

YANG Haijiao¹(),WEI Jiahua^1,²(),REN Qianhui¹

1. State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Water Ecology Remediation and Protection at Headwater Regions of Big Rivers, Ministry of Water Resources, School of Water Resources and Electric Power, Laboratory of Ecological Protection and High Quality Development in the Upper Yellow River, Qinghai Province, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, Qinghai, China
2. State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China

Received:2022-03-17 Revised:2022-05-27 Online:2022-09-15 Published:2022-10-25
Contact: Jiahua WEI

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

柴达木盆地是典型的干旱内陆区,认识其地表水-地下水转化关系、水化学特征及沿程变化规律,对区域水资源开发利用和生态保护有重要意义。在现场调查和水文地质条件分析的基础上,采用水化学、统计分析等方法,研究了典型流域地表水-地下水转化关系、水化学特征及差异性。结果表明：（1）根据地质构造、地层和地形对水力联系的控制作用,将地表水-地下水转化关系分为基岩阻隔+岩性控制型、岩性控制型和岩性控制+水文气象影响型。（2）从山区到尾闾,地表水和地下水水化学类型从Ca型转变为Na型或Mg型、从重碳酸根型转变为氯离子型;沿程水化学影响机制从水-岩作用为主逐渐过渡到蒸发-沉淀作用占主导;受基岩阻隔和岩性控制的影响,山间河谷和冲洪积扇前缘地表水-地下水转化关系的转变使沿程水化学特征的变化规律发生局部逆转。（3）因含水层岩性差异,盆地南部地表水、地下水中Na⁺、Cl^-和SO₄^2-占主导,东部、北部Ca²⁺和HCO₃^-占主导,且北部F^-浓度较其他流域高。

关键词: 柴达木盆地, 地表水-地下水转化, 水化学特征

Abstract:

The Qaidam Basin is a typical arid inland area in China. Recognizing the interaction between surface water (SW) and groundwater (GW), characteristics of water chemistry, and change law along the river in the basin is significant for developing and utilizing regional water resources and ecological protection laws. Hydrochemical and statistical analysis methods were used to study the SW-GW interactions, with the hydrochemical characteristics and differences being analyzed based on field investigation and analysis. According to the controlling effect of geological structure, strata, and landform on the hydraulic connection, the SW-GW interactions are divided into the following types: bedrock barrier + lithology control, lithology control + hydrometeorological influence, and lithology control. The hydrochemical types change from Ca to Na or Mg and from bicarbonate to chloride ion from the mountainous area to the tail area. The changing trends of the hydrochemical influence mechanism along the flow paths gradually change from water-rock interaction to evaporation-precipitation. The transformation of the SW-GW interaction in the inter-mountain valley and front of the alluvial-proluvial fan causes a local reversal of the changing law of hydrochemical characteristics along the river that are influenced by a bedrock barrier and lithology control. This is due to the lithology differences of aquifer, Na⁺, Cl^-, and SO₄^2- that are dominant in SW and GW in the south. Ca²⁺ and HCO₃^- are dominant in the north and east, and the F^- concentration in the north is higher compared to other watersheds.

Key words: Qaidam Basin, interaction between surface water and groundwater, hydrochemical characteristics

杨海娇,魏加华,任倩慧. 柴达木盆地典型流域地表水-地下水转化关系及水化学特征[J]. 干旱区研究, 2022, 39(5): 1543-1554.

YANG Haijiao,WEI Jiahua,REN Qianhui. Interaction between surface water and groundwater and hydrochemical characteristics in the typical watersheds of the Qaidam Basin[J]. Arid Zone Research, 2022, 39(5): 1543-1554.

图/表 8

图1

表1

图2

表2

柴达木盆地典型流域河水、地下水和尾闾湖水化学特征参数"

所属流域 /湖泊	鱼卡河	巴音河	格尔木河	香日德河	察汗乌苏河	巴音河尾闾湖	格尔木河尾闾湖
所属流域 /湖泊	Mean±SD	Mean±SD	Mean±SD	Mean±SD	Mean±SD	Mean±SD	Value
pH	8.46±0.45	8.19±0.35	8.65±0.52	8.39±0.45	8.23±0.34	8.92±0.32	7.16
TDS	462.14±210.07	654.54±617.9	748.21±402.05	689.86±189.61	1122.99±201.3	8409.6±8903.31	124728.06
Ca²⁺	47.87±19.54	66.03±30.5	43.02±24.96	62.87±23.71	111.36±21.07	35.71±21.26	3290.00
K⁺	3.88±2.39	4.84±8.42	6.29±4.61	5.99±2.08	7.43±0.81	62.3±66.95	3248.00
Mg²⁺	17.39±13.02	30.93±25.18	41.06±22.4	34.86±9.85	24.58±5.63	468.14±502.35	48900.00
Na⁺	92.55±63.9	125.96±179.58	142.24±104.79	122.63±35.94	260.25±71.05	2726.5±3000.35	81780.00
Cl^-	129.81±95.57	171.92±220.05	262.31±213.45	189.64±68.95	547.7±220.82	4564.24±4029.61	1365299.80
$S O 4 2 -$	137.89±119.87	172.25±188.92	235.8±282.89a	241.86±112.05	332.51±152.27	3268.14±2870.92	38013.20
$C O 3 2 -$	0.77±3.18	0.14±1.09	2.82±7.27	1.34±3.87	0.00	66.67±115.48	0.00
$H C O 3 -$	142.05±45.94	182.99±54.88	178.91±59.17	196.43±61	180.84±55.64	427.57±274.77	707.80
F^-	1.31±3.65	0.78±2.99	0.36±0.55	0.44±0.49	0.7±0.93	0.44±0.18	6.29
$N O 3 -$	3.56±5.02	12.62±23.9	19.64±63.61	8.83±10.23	11.18±9.09	1.88±0.89	66.81

表2

图3

图4

表3

柴达木盆地典型流域地表水和地下水水化学因子载荷矩阵"

因子	鱼卡河			巴音河		格尔木河		香日德河			察汗乌苏河
因子	F_a1	F_a2	F_a3	F_b1	F_b2	F_c1	F_c2	F_d1	F_d2	F_d3	F_e1	F_e2	F_e3	F_e4
TDS	0.961^*	0.144	0.121	0.989^*	0.119	0.95^*	-0.049	0.936^*	-0.020	0.047	0.873^*	-0.144	0.166	0.299
pH	-0.512	0.744^*	0.027	0.342	-0.601	-0.535	-0.492	-0.823	0.241	-0.028	-0.435	0.430	0.306	0.340
Cl^-	0.843^*	0.384	0.085	0.982^*	-0.036	0.995^*	-0.052	0.388	0.476	-0.722	0.525	-0.290	0.527	-0.442
$S O 4 2 -$	0.896^*	0.190	0.052	0.983^*	-0.013	0.995^*	-0.050	0.870^*	0.182	-0.312	0.754^*	0.489	0.010	-0.305
$H C O 3 -$	0.581	-0.541	0.020	0.873^*	0.087	0.891^*	0.069	0.669^*	-0.506	0.231	0.320	0.824^*	0.127	0.263
Ca²⁺	0.631^*	-0.522	0.100	-0.149	0.920^*	0.996^*	-0.035	0.845^*	-0.226	-0.249	0.832^*	-0.201	0.143	0.100
K⁺	0.482	0.627^*	-0.079	0.989^*	0.012	0.995^*	-0.052	0.588	0.428	0.463	0.592	-0.510	-0.161	0.311
Mg²⁺	0.888^*	-0.218	-0.127	0.993^*	0.052	0.995^*	-0.052	0.910^*	-0.214	0.185	0.875^*	0.209	-0.201	0.217
Na⁺	0.676^*	0.506	0.179	0.992^*	0.080	0.995^*	-0.051	0.828^*	0.349	0.201	0.792^*	-0.062	0.365	0.280
$N O 3 -$	0.750^*	-0.087	-0.283	0.009	0.893^*	0.156	0.056	0.798^*	0.315	0.079	0.672^*	0.227	-0.119	-0.663
F^-	-0.058	-0.118	0.927	0.079	0.602^*	0.006	0.912^*	-0.341	0.572	0.377	0.480	0.032	-0.819	0.064
特征值	5.480	2.041	1.029	6.764	2.401	8.034	1.098	6.234	1.403	1.175	5.016	1.607	1.321	1.237
贡献率/%	49.818	18.554	9.356	61.491	21.823	73.035	9.984	56.677	12.757	10.680	45.597	14.608	12.013	11.246
累计贡献率/%	49.818	68.372	77.728	61.491	83.314	73.035	83.019	56.677	69.434	80.114	45.597	60.205	72.218	83.464

表3

图5

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序号	河流	聚类	区位	集水面积	年平均径流量	补给类型	用水类型	样品数
序号	河流	聚类	区位	/km²	/10⁸m³	补给类型	用水类型	河水	湖水	地下水
a	鱼卡河	Ⅰ	北	2139	0.991	降水-融水-地下水	灌溉、生产	9	-	26
b	巴音河	Ⅱ	东北	7281	3.524	降水-地下水	灌溉、生活	22	2	38
c	格尔木河	Ⅲ	南	18648	7.973	降水-融水-地下水	灌溉、生产	14	1	16
d	香日德河	Ⅳ	东南	12339	1.379	降水-地下水	灌溉	13	-	23
e	察汗乌苏河	Ⅴ	东	4434	1.703	融水-地下水	灌溉	5	-	16

柴达木盆地典型流域地表水-地下水转化关系及水化学特征

Interaction between surface water and groundwater and hydrochemical characteristics in the typical watersheds of the Qaidam Basin

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