吐鲁番盆地平原区地下水水化学特征及水质评价

doi:10.13866/j.azr.2022.02.09

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为研究吐鲁番盆地平原区地下水水化学特征及水质状况,根据吐鲁番地区2015年（最近1次）全面的地下水污染调查数据,选取44组地下水水质检测数据（潜水33组,承压水11组）,运用数理统计、Piper三线图、Gibbs图、离子比值法对研究区地下水水化学特征及成因进行分析,运用内梅罗指数法、改进内梅罗指数法和模糊综合评价法对研究区地下水质量进行评价。结果表明：（1）吐鲁番盆地平原区地下水主要为低矿化度的弱碱性水,水化学类型以SO₄·Cl-Na·Ca型和HCO₃·SO₄-Na·Ca型为主,其次为HCO₃·SO₄·Cl-Na·Ca型;研究区水化学成分主要受蒸发浓缩和岩石风化共同作用的影响。（2）地下水中的Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺主要来自蒸发岩的溶解,Na⁺、K⁺、Cl^-主要来自岩盐的溶解,少量潜水中的Na⁺和K⁺来自硅酸盐的溶解。（3） γ(Na⁺-Cl^-)/γ[(Ca²⁺+Mg²⁺)-γ(SO₄^2-+HCO₃^-)=-1,呈显著负相关,说明地下水化学组分的形成受到了阳离子交换作用的影响。（4）水质评价结果显示：3种评价方法中的Ⅲ类及以上水质占比均高于55%,地下水质量整体较好;模糊综合评价法的Ⅳ、Ⅴ类水占比最低为27.3%,Ⅳ、Ⅴ类水主要分布在托克逊县的博斯坦乡和鄯善县以东的火车站镇和七克台镇。

关键词: 吐鲁番盆地, 地下水, 水化学特征, 水质评价

Abstract:

In order to study the hydrochemical characteristics and quality of groundwater in the plains of Turpan Basin, 44 groundwater samples (33 phreatic water and 11 confined water) were analyzed. The latest comprehensive groundwater pollution survey data in Turpan Basin in 2015 was used. Mathematical statistics, Piper trilinear diagram, Gibbs diagram, and the ion ratio method were used to analyze the hydrochemical characteristics of groundwater. The Nemerow index method, improved Nemerow index method, and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method were used to evaluate groundwater quality. The results showed that groundwater was weakly alkaline, with low salinity. The main groundwater hydrochemical types were SO₄·Cl-Na·Ca and HCO₃·SO₄-Na·Ca, followed by HCO₃·SO₄·Cl-Na·Ca. Groundwater chemical composition was mainly affected by evaporation concentration and rock weathering. Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ in groundwater are mainly derived from the dissolution of evaporite; Na⁺, K⁺ and Cl^- are derived from the dissolution of rock salt, and a small amount of Na⁺ and K⁺ in partial phreatic water comes from the dissolution of silicate. γ(Na⁺-Cl^-)/γ[(Ca²⁺+Mg²⁺)-γ(SO₄^2-+HCO₃^-= -1 showed a significant negative correlation, indicating that the formation of groundwater chemical components was affected by cation exchange. In the three evaluation methods, the proportion of grade Ⅲ and higher water quality was >55%, and the groundwater quality was good on the whole; the proportion of grade Ⅳ and Ⅴ water in the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method was the lowest (27.3%), and grades Ⅳ and Ⅴ water were mainly distributed in the Bostan township of Toksun County and Railway station town and Qiketai town to the east of Shanshan County.

Key words: Turpan Basin, groundwater, hydrochemical characteristics, quality evaluation

白凡,周金龙,曾妍妍. 吐鲁番盆地平原区地下水水化学特征及水质评价[J]. 干旱区研究, 2022, 39(2): 419-428.

BAI Fan,ZHOU Jinlong,ZENG Yanyan. Hydrochemical characteristics and quality of groundwater in the plains of the Turpan Basin[J]. Arid Zone Research, 2022, 39(2): 419-428.

图/表 12

图1

图2

表1

地下水水化学成分特征值"

类型	统计值	pH	TH	TDS	K⁺	Na⁺	Mg²⁺	Ca²⁺	Cl^-	$S O 4 2 -$	$HC O 3 -$
潜水（n=33）	最小值/（mg·L^-1）	7.51	60.00	248.80	0.60	20.30	1.90	20.80	21.30	48.00	76.30
	最大值/（mg·L^-1）	8.22	2482.00	6616.60	17.80	1440.00	212.60	713.40	2446.00	2526.40	384.40
	平均值/（mg·L^-1）	7.93	519.59	1226.40	3.87	213.32	39.25	143.35	311.22	398.88	147.20
	标准差/（mg·L^-1）	0.17	532.60	1457.46	3.43	312.08	43.94	145.46	481.10	503.29	75.92
	变异系数/%	0.02	1.02	1.19	0.89	1.46	1.12	1.01	1.55	1.26	0.52
承压水（n=11）	最小值/（mg·L^-1）	7.87	80.10	209.80	0.60	11.40	2.40	22.00	11.30	40.30	54.90
	最大值/（mg·L^-1）	8.38	680.50	1067.20	2.60	130.60	48.60	192.40	322.60	440.00	180.00
	平均值/（mg·L^-1）	8.09	250.56	509.44	1.65	68.13	19.65	67.95	85.78	170.45	120.76
	标准差/（mg·L^-1）	0.16	168.21	264.40	0.58	38.04	14.28	49.79	80.72	120.91	40.18
	变异系数/%	0.02	0.67	0.52	0.35	0.56	0.73	0.73	0.94	0.71	0.33

表1

图3

图4

图5

图6

表2

D7取样点的水质检测数据"

取样点	TH	TDS	$N a +$	Cl^-	$S O 4 2 -$	NO₃^-	$N H 4 +$	Fe	Cr⁶⁺	Cd	Zn
D7	80.1	221.8	39.4	25.5	48	1.919	0.039	0.05	0.017	0.0015	0.025

表2

表3

D7取样点各因子权重计算结果"

	TH	TDS	Na⁺	Cl^-	$S O 4 2 -$	$N O 3 -$	$N H 4 +$	Fe	Cr⁶⁺	Cd	Zn
$c i$	80.1	221.8	39.4	25.5	48	1.919	0.039	0.05	0.017	0.0015	0.025
$S ? io$	460	1260	270	240	240	18.4	0.824	1.09	0.058	0.00572	2.71
$W i$	0.174	0.176	0.146	0.106	0.200	0.104	0.047	0.046	0.293	0.262	0.009
$a i$	0.111	0.113	0.093	0.068	0.128	0.067	0.030	0.029	0.187	0.168	0.006

表3

表4

模糊综合评价法的评价结果"

类型	等级	Ⅰ	Ⅱ	Ⅲ	Ⅳ	Ⅴ	监测点
潜水	Ⅰ	0.6594	0.3091	0.0314	0.0000	0.0000	D1
潜水	Ⅰ	0.7093	0.2712	0.0196	0.0000	0.0000	D10
潜水	Ⅰ	0.6815	0.3005	0.0180	0.0000	0.0000	D18
潜水	Ⅰ	0.5984	0.3854	0.0162	0.0000	0.0000	D20
潜水	Ⅰ	0.7159	0.2664	0.0177	0.0000	0.0000	D29
潜水	Ⅰ	0.7377	0.2443	0.0179	0.0000	0.0000	D32
潜水	Ⅰ	0.6077	0.3772	0.0151	0.0000	0.0000	D33
潜水	Ⅰ	0.6129	0.3730	0.0141	0.0000	0.0000	D34
潜水	Ⅰ	0.7895	0.1869	0.0237	0.0000	0.0000	D42
潜水	Ⅱ	0.1710	0.6956	0.1335	0.0000	0.0000	D13
潜水	Ⅱ	0.4583	0.5276	0.0141	0.0000	0.0000	D23
潜水	Ⅱ	0.1021	0.4532	0.4447	0.0000	0.0000	D25
潜水	Ⅱ	0.2525	0.7229	0.0246	0.0000	0.0000	D26
潜水	Ⅱ	0.1634	0.4882	0.3437	0.0047	0.0000	D30
潜水	Ⅱ	0.4598	0.5279	0.0123	0.0000	0.0000	D31
潜水	Ⅱ	0.2583	0.5294	0.2122	0.0000	0.0000	D40
潜水	Ⅱ	0.3092	0.6705	0.0203	0.0000	0.0000	D44
潜水	Ⅲ	0.0323	0.1781	0.4347	0.0138	0.3411	D16
潜水	Ⅲ	0.0174	0.1018	0.4311	0.1560	0.2938	D37
潜水	Ⅲ	0.0426	0.0985	0.6129	0.2459	0.0000	D38
潜水	Ⅲ	0.0460	0.2140	0.3617	0.0889	0.2893	D39
潜水	Ⅲ	0.0142	0.0924	0.3893	0.1603	0.3438	D43
潜水	Ⅴ	0.0223	0.0697	0.2896	0.3060	0.3124	D11
潜水	Ⅴ	0.1533	0.2263	0.2717	0.0307	0.3179	D17
潜水	Ⅴ	0.1273	0.1386	0.2396	0.1263	0.3683	D19
潜水	Ⅴ	0.0072	0.0072	0.0010	0.0000	0.9847	D21
潜水	Ⅴ	0.0145	0.0704	0.1200	0.0999	0.6952	D22
潜水	Ⅴ	0.0126	0.0226	0.1409	0.2321	0.5918	D24
潜水	Ⅴ	0.0184	0.0187	0.0527	0.0559	0.8543	D27
潜水	Ⅴ	0.0538	0.0945	0.1059	0.0485	0.6973	D28
潜水	Ⅴ	0.0182	0.1576	0.2734	0.2483	0.3025	D35
潜水	Ⅴ	0.0034	0.0203	0.0039	0.0000	0.9725	D36
潜水	Ⅴ	0.0141	0.0568	0.1672	0.1290	0.6328	D41
承压水	Ⅰ	0.7083	0.2663	0.0254	0.0000	0.0000	D2
承压水	Ⅰ	0.8152	0.1637	0.0211	0.0000	0.0000	D5
承压水	Ⅰ	0.6379	0.3084	0.0537	0.0000	0.0000	D7
承压水	Ⅰ	0.7628	0.2155	0.0217	0.0000	0.0000	D15
承压水	Ⅱ	0.2328	0.4969	0.2704	0.0000	0.0000	D3
承压水	Ⅱ	0.3664	0.5302	0.1034	0.0000	0.0000	D6
承压水	Ⅱ	0.3502	0.4860	0.1638	0.0000	0.0000	D8
承压水	Ⅱ	0.3439	0.5246	0.1314	0.0000	0.0000	D9
承压水	Ⅱ	0.4216	0.5551	0.0233	0.0000	0.0000	D14
承压水	Ⅳ	0.0724	0.0927	0.2748	0.4856	0.0744	D4
承压水	Ⅴ	0.1623	0.1330	0.3034	0.0268	0.3744	D12

表4

表5

图7

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内梅罗指数法	数量	比例/%	改进内梅罗指数法	数量	比例/%	模糊综合评价法	数量	比例/%
Ⅰ类	0	0.0	Ⅰ类	0	0	Ⅰ类	13	29.5
Ⅱ类	25	56.8	Ⅱ类	25	56.8	Ⅱ类	13	29.5
Ⅲ类	0	0.0	Ⅲ类	2	4.5	Ⅲ类	6	13.7
Ⅳ类	2	4.5	Ⅳ类	17	38.7	Ⅳ类	1	2.3
Ⅴ类	17	38.7	Ⅴ类	0	0	Ⅴ类	11	25.0