疏勒河中游湿地景观时空演变及其影响因素

doi:10.13866/j.azr.2022.01.27

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

湿地景观格局能够反映湿地类型的面积变化和空间分布特征,其时空演变有助于理解干扰因子与湿地生态过程之间的作用关系。选择疏勒河中游的库塘湿地、永久性河流湿地和内陆盐沼等5种湿地类型,采用景观格局分析法和主成分分析方法,研究了湿地类型面积、景观指数时空演变及其影响因素。结果表明：（1） 1987—2017年疏勒河中游湿地总面积减少了477.24 km²,其中库塘湿地、永久性河流湿地和内陆盐沼面积分别减少了50.99%、53.28%和35.78%,草本沼泽和沼泽化草甸面积增加了175.26%和21.89%。（2）各湿地在景观水平和类型水平上,斑块密度和景观形状指数呈现波动增大趋势,湿地景观斑块趋向破碎化和零散分布。（3） 2017年人口、耕地较1987年分别增加了1.2倍和1.5倍,社会经济发展主要指标对湿地面积变化的解释度为68.89%,气候因子对其的解释度为22.09%。过去30 a人口增长、耕地扩张和水利工程建设导致了疏勒河中游湿地面积减少和景观破碎化。

关键词: 湿地, 景观格局, 影响因素, 主成分分析, 疏勒河中游

Abstract:

Wetland landscape patterns can reflect the area variations and the spatial distribution characteristics of wetland types; and their spatio-temporal evolution assists in understanding the relationship between disturbance factors and wetland ecological processes. In this paper, five wetland types—including reservoir wetland, permanent river wetland, and inland salt marsh—were selected for analysis in the middle reaches of the Shule River in China. Landscape pattern, correlation, and principal component analysis were used to study the area of these wetland types, the spatio-temporal evolution of the landscape index and its influencing factors. The results show that: (1) In the past 30 years, the total area of wetlands in the middle reaches of the Shule River decreased by 477.24 km². Among the wetland types, reservoir wetlands, permanent river wetlands, and inland salt marshes decreased by 50.99%, 53.28%, and 35.78%, respectively, whereas the herb marsh and swamp meadow areas increased by 175.26% and 21.89%, respectively. (2) At the landscape and class levels, the patch density and landscape shape index of each wetland type showed a trend of fluctuation and increase, and the patch density of the wetland landscape tended to be fragmented and scattered. (3) In 2017, the population and cultivated land experienced a 1.2-fold and 1.5-fold increase, respectively, compared with 1987. The interpretation degree of the main indicators of social and economic development on wetland area change was 68.69%, and that of climatic factors was 22.09%. Population growth, farmland expansion, and water conservancy projects over the past 30 years led to the reduction of wetland areas and landscape fragmentation in the middle reaches of the Shule River.

Key words: wetland, landscape pattern, influencing factors, principal component analysis, middle reaches of the Shule River

王毓芳,赵成章,曾红霞,康满萍,赵婷婷,唐玉瑞. 疏勒河中游湿地景观时空演变及其影响因素[J]. 干旱区研究, 2022, 39(1): 282-291.

WANG Yufang,ZHAO Chengzhang,ZENG Hongxia,KANG Manping,ZHAO Tingting,TANG Yurui. Spatial-temporal evolution of wetland landscape patterns and its influencing factors in the middle reaches of the Shule River[J]. Arid Zone Research, 2022, 39(1): 282-291.

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湿地类	湿地型	景观特征	遥感影像特征
河流湿地	永久性河流湿地	有明显水面、河道以及水流痕迹	呈条带状分布,边界清晰,呈绿色、浅绿色,影纹均匀
人工湿地	库塘湿地	水面规则明显,不杂乱,无其他景观交叉	形状规则,纹理均一,呈深蓝色
沼泽湿地	草本沼泽	分布于水体边缘,团状、块状簇拥集中,参杂裸露水面	形状不规则,呈黑红色或深红色,影纹不均、粗糙
	沼泽化草甸	分布于草本沼泽边缘,地势平坦、低洼处,景观较为均质,植被以苔草、嵩草为主	片状分布,边界不规则,呈浅红色,纹理比较均匀
	内陆盐沼	集中连片,生长着芨芨草、赖草、芦苇,因植被盖度和类型不一,景观有明显的穿插现象	片状分布,有交叉纹路,呈淡红色或浅灰色
	内陆盐沼	主要以泌盐植物柽柳为优势种,地表长有高度较低的芦苇和赖草,面积较大	有点状、团簇状的红色斑点,质地粗糙

年份	总人口/10⁸ 人	地区生产总值/10⁸ 元	耕地面积/10⁴ hm²	第一产业值/10⁸ 元
1987	6.8	0.67	1.45	0.35
1992	7.6	1.47	1.53	0.64
1997	9.07	5.22	1.58	2.05
2002	9.79	7.86	1.61	3.13
2007	11.71	17.52	2.40	5.01
2012	14.72	60.64	3.71	8.24
2017	14.96	72.41	3.68	11.89

指标	主成分1	主成分2
年均温/℃	0.23	0.93
年降水量/mm	0.67	-0.58
总人口/人	0.97	0.01
地区生产总值/元	0.97	0.04
耕地面积/hm²	0.89	0.29
第一产业值/元	0.96	0.17
方差贡献率/%	68.89	22.09