Fig. 1

Observed (a) and GPM precipitation data (b) cumulative precipitation from 08:00 on July 20 to 08:00 on July 21, 2018"

Fig. 2

Circulation pattern maps at 500 hPa (a) and 700 hPa (b) at 08: 00 on July 20, 2018"

Fig. 3

Temporal evolution of TBB with 2-hour intervals from 08:30 to 22:30 on July 20, 2018"

Fig. 4

The pressure height difference, pre-assimilated pressure height field, and wind speed difference overlay map for the D01 area in the 200 hPa (a), 500 hPa (b), and 700 hPa (c) model initial fields, the temperature difference and pre-assimilated temperature field overlay map for the D01 area in the 700 hPa model initial field (d), and the specific humidity difference and pre-assimilated specific humidity field overlay map for the D01 area in the 700 hPa model initial field (e) at 20:00 on July 19, 2018"

Fig. 5

24-hour accumulated precipitation observed by GPM (a), before assimilation (b) and after assimilation of radiosonde data (c) simulated by WRF from 08:00 on July 20 to 08:00 on July 21, 2018"

Tab. 1

Precipitation scores before and after assimilation"

Fig. 6

Time series diagrams of the maximum convective effective potential energy (CAPE) and the regional average precipitation in the 38°-41.5°N and 105.5°-108°E regions before and after assimilation from 08:00 on July 20 to 08:00 on July 21, 2018"

Fig. 7

Divergence field and wind field (w×20), pseudo-equivalent potential temperature and vertical velocity, cloud water content and wind field (w×20) vertical profiles before (a, b, c) and after (d, e, f) assimilation at 14:00 on July 20, 2018"