盐池湾高寒湿地景观格局演变及其影响因素

doi:10.13866/j.azr.2021.06.29

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

高寒湿地是重要的水源涵养和生物多样性聚集地,研究其湿地景观格局演变及其影响因素有助于认识湿地生态系统的独特功能、演变规律以及环境影响机制。本研究基于1989—2019年的6期Landsat遥感影像数据,结合GIS技术、景观格局指数以及相关性分析等研究方法,分析了盐池湾高寒湿地景观格局时空演变特征及其影响因素。结果表明：（1） 1989—2019年盐池湾湿地总面积呈增加趋势,沼泽化草甸、永久性河流和内陆盐沼分别增加31.02%、17.53%和3.77%,草本沼泽和裸斑分别减少54.28%和9.5%。（2）类型水平上,1989—2019年永久性河流和沼泽化草甸的破碎化降低,其余各类型湿地的破碎化增加;景观水平上,湿地景观形状趋于简单化,湿地破碎化程度增加,蔓延度和香浓多样性指数减少,湿地景观分布向均衡方向发展。（3）气温和降水与湿地面积、景观格局指数之间存在差异化的相关关系。气候变化是导致盐池湾高寒湿地面积变化和景观格局演变的关键因素。研究高寒湿地景观格局时间序列动态演变特征,对于理解湿地的生态功能和生态过程具有重要的理论意义,对湿地可持续发展和景观规划管理具有实践意义。

关键词: 景观指数, 湿地景观格局, 盐池湾, 时空演变, 高寒湿地

Abstract:

Alpine wetlands are an important water conservation and biodiversity resource. Studying the evolution of wetland landscape patterns and its driving factors helps understand the unique functions, evolutionary processes, and environmental impact mechanisms of the wetland ecosystem. Using six periods of Landsat remote sensing image data from 1989 to 2019, combined with GIS technology, landscape pattern indices, and correlation analysis, this study analyzed temporal and spatial evolution of alpine wetland landscape patterns in Yanchi Bay. The results showed that (1) the total area of Yanchi Bay wetland showed an increasing trend from 1989 to 2019. The swamp meadows, permanent rivers, and inland salt marshes increased by 31.02%, 17.53%, and 3.77%, respectively, and herbaceous marshes and naked spots decreased 54.28% and 9.5%, respectively. (2) For wetland types, fragmentation of permanent rivers and swamp meadows decreased from 1989 to 2019 and fragmentation of other types of wetlands increased. At the landscape level, wetland shape was simplified, while the degree of wetland fragmentation increased, the spread and Shannon’s diversity index decreased, and wetland landscape distribution developed evenly. (3) Further, there was a differential correlation among temperature and precipitation, wetland area, and landscape pattern index. Climate change was a key factor leading to changes in the area of the alpine wetland and evolution of landscape patterns in Yanchi Bay. Studying dynamic evolution characteristics from time series of the alpine wetland landscape has important theoretical significance for understanding ecological functions and ecological processes, as well as practical significance for sustainable development of wetlands and landscape planning and management.

Key words: landscape index, wetland landscape pattern, Yanchi Bay, spatial-temporal evolution, alpine wetland

曾红霞,赵成章,王毓芳,李晓雅,赵婷婷,唐玉瑞. 盐池湾高寒湿地景观格局演变及其影响因素[J]. 干旱区研究, 2021, 38(6): 1771-1781.

ZENG Hongxia,ZHAO Chengzhang,WANG Yufang,LI Xiaoya,ZHAO Tingting,TANG Yurui. Landscape pattern evolution and its influencing factors of alpine wetland in Yanchi Bay[J]. Arid Zone Research, 2021, 38(6): 1771-1781.

图/表 11

图1

表1

表2

景观格局指数计算公式及生态学意义"

景观指数	计算公式	生态学意义
斑块面积	$CA = ∑ j = 1 n a i 110000$	其大小反映了物种、能量和养分等信息的差异,值越大表示供给生物所需的物质和能量越多。式中：a_i为斑块i的面积。
斑块数量	NP=n	反映了景观的空间格局,其值的大小与景观破碎度呈正相关,NP越大,景观破碎化程度越高。式中：n为某一斑块类型的斑块总个数。
最大斑块指数	$LPI = M ax a 1 a 2 … a n A 100$	对于景观优势类型等的确定有重要作用,其数值越大,对景观总体的影响越大,优势度也越高,反之亦然。式中：分子为景观中最大斑块的面积;A为斑块总面积。
斑块密度	$PD = N A$	反应景观的破碎化程度,值越大说明景观的破碎化程度越大。式中：N为景观中所有的斑块总数,A为总面积。
形状指数	$LSI = 0.25 E A$	LSI值越小,表明景观的形状越规整;LSI值越大,表明景观的形状趋于复杂。式中：A为总面积,E为景观中所有斑块边界总长度,0.25为正方形校正系数。
蔓延度指数	$CONTAG = 1 + ∑ i = 1 m ∑ j = 1 n p ij ln p ij 2 ln m m$	其值越高,表明整体景观具有良好的连接性;其值越低,说明景观中连通性不好,破碎化程度较高。式中：m为景观中斑块总数;P_ij为斑块类型i与j相邻的概率。
香浓多样性指数	$SHDI = - ∑ i = 1 m p i lo g 2 p i$	其值为0时,说明只有一个斑块组成了整个景观,随着SHDI增大,表明景观中不稳定信息在增多,破碎化程度在增大。式中：P_i为景观类型i的斑块占景观所有斑块的比例。

表2

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图3

表3

图4

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表6

表7

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湿地类	湿地型	景观特征	影像特征
沼泽湿地	草本沼泽	水生和沼生的草本植物组成优势群落的淡水沼泽,主要生长杉叶藻、中间型荸荠和海韭菜	呈片状分布,形状不规则,呈黑红色,影纹不均、粗糙
	内陆盐沼	生长碱地风毛菊、芨芨草、赖草等盐生植被的沼泽,以苏打、氯化物和硫酸盐为主的盐土	呈片状杂乱分布,形状不规则,呈粉红色、青色,影纹粗糙伴有红黑点
	沼泽化草甸	地势低洼、排水不畅、土壤过分潮湿、通透性不良等环境条件下发育,有早熟禾、苔草和嵩草等植物	呈片状、大块分布,形状不规则,呈红色,影纹不均
	裸斑	受强烈的蒸发作用,盐分在地表集聚,无生长植被,呈白色	边界清晰,形状规则,呈白色,影纹不均
河流湿地	永久性河流湿地	有明显泥沙淤积、河道以及水流痕迹	常呈条带状分布,边界清晰,呈绿色、浅绿色,影纹较均匀

时段	景观类型	草本沼泽	裸斑	永久性河流湿地	沼泽化草甸	内陆盐沼
1989—2007年	草本沼泽	6.00	2.07	2.93	9.06	7.55
	裸斑	1.08	3.52	7.89	0.70	3.37
	永久性河流湿地	0.84	0.91	15.31	1.24	10.75
	沼泽化草甸	2.72	0.68	1.13	50.38	11.44
	内陆盐沼	1.15	0.95	3.73	7.44	71.31
2007—2019年	草本沼泽	9.27	3.48	3.82	6.04	6.51
	裸斑	1.15	7.70	4.70	0.70	3.30
	永久性河流湿地	1.44	3.26	11.08	0.76	2.38
	沼泽化草甸	10.93	1.14	3.10	48.63	13.49
	内陆盐沼	5.06	4.21	12.68	10.13	53.43

湿地类型	斑块数/个
湿地类型	1989年	1995年	2001年	2007年	2013年	2019年
草本沼泽	7251	8412	8416	6317	6740	7837
沼泽化草甸	4394	2761	3173	5573	3238	2707
永久性河流	6716	5177	4533	4644	4267	3728
裸斑	2301	4971	6560	5670	4707	4394
内陆盐沼	3857	4185	3758	3972	4441	4207

湿地面积	草本沼泽	裸斑	沼泽化草甸	永久性河流	内陆盐沼
气温	-0.779	-0.672	0.823^*	0.852^*	0.123
降水	-0.671	-0.561	0.188	0.855^*	0.400

湿地类型	最大斑块指数/%
湿地类型	1989年	1995年	2001年	2007年	2013年	2019年
草本沼泽	9.19	0.89	0.71	4.63	1.98	0.12
沼泽化草甸	1.43	7.71	14.37	0.92	3.01	0.32
永久性河流	1.15	1.24	3.85	0.73	1.24	0.26
裸斑	0.14	2.72	1.96	2.08	0.65	0.04
内陆盐沼	8.97	5.58	2.73	4.61	5.81	1.11