亚洲中部干旱区湖泊的地域分异性研究

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 湖泊是干旱区气候与环境变化的敏感指示器,了解干旱区湖泊的空间分布和变化特征,有利于正确分析和评估气候变化和人类活动对干旱区水资源的影响。采用2010年的Landsat 遥感数据资料,对新疆、中亚五国及其毗邻高山地区的湖泊制图,并分析该区域内湖泊的数量、面积的时空分布特征。研究表明:① 2010年研究区域内大于0.01 km²以上的湖泊总数为30 952个,总面积为496 674.35 km²,其中哈萨克斯坦北部、阿尔泰山地区和昆仑山南麓是湖泊富集的地区。② 湖泊数量与湖泊面积呈幂指数关系,湖泊面积每升高一个10的量级,该量级内的湖泊数量下降4~6倍,湖泊面积增加1~2倍,与全球的湖泊分布相比,属于湖泊分布相对稀少的地区。③ 湖泊数量在纬度带的空间分布相对均一,大型湖泊集中分布在41°~44°、46°和48°~50°的纬度带上;低海拔地区的湖泊数量多,面积大,高海拔地区湖泊数量多,面积小;山区、河谷湿地和哈萨克斯坦北部草原湖泊数量多;荒漠区湖泊分布稀少。④近20 a来,高山地区湖泊与平原地区湖泊呈相反的变化模式,高山地区湖泊处于稳定或快速扩张态势,而平原地区的湖泊剧烈萎缩。

关键词: 湖泊面积, 湖泊数量, 地域分异, 时空分布, 气候变化, 亚洲中部

Abstract: Lake is a kind of sensitive indicator of climate and environmental changes. Mapping of the area and monitoring of the change of lakes in arid regions are essential to estimate the effects of climate change and human activities on water resources. In this paper, the change of area of the lakes in Central Asia was mapped with the Landsat images in 2010, and the spatial distribution of number and area of the lakes was also discussed. The results were as follows: (1) There were 30 952 lakes larger than 0.01 km² in Central Asia in 2010, and their total area was 496 674.35 km²; (2) There was a power exponential relationship between number and area of the lakes. If the lake size was increased from one logarithmic size class to the next bigger one, the lake number was statistically increased by 4-6 times, and total area of the lakes was enlarged by 1-2 times. Compared with the lakes in other regions in the world, the density of lakes in Central Asia was relatively low; (3) The latitudinal spatial distribution of the lakes was relatively uniform, and the large lakes were mainly distributed in the latitudinal zones of 41°-44°N, 46°N and 48°-50°N. The lakes in the low-altitude regions were more, and their areas were large. However, the lakes in the high-altitude regions were also more, but their areas were small. The lakes in the mountainous regions, valley wetlands and steppes in north Kazakhstan were more than those in deserts; (4) In recent 20 years, the alpine lakes were stable or in an expansion trend, but areas of the lakes in plains were sharply reduced.

Key words: lake area, lake number, regional difference, spatiotemporal distribution, climate change, Central Asia

李均力, 包安明, 胡汝骥, 王亚俊. 亚洲中部干旱区湖泊的地域分异性研究[J]. 干旱区研究, 2013, 30(6): 941-950.

LI Jun-li, BAO An-ming, HU Ru-ji, WANG Ya-jun. Regional Difference of Lakes in the Arid Regions in Central Asia[J]. Arid Zone Research, 2013, 30(6): 941-950.

参考文献

[1] 陈曦,姜逢清,王亚俊,等.亚洲中部干旱区生态地理格局研究[J]. 干旱区研究,2013,30(3):385-390.
[Chen Xi,Jiang Fengqing,Wang Yajun,et al.Characteristics of the eco-geographical pattern in arid land of Central Asia[J]. Arid Zone Research,2013,30(3):385-390.]
[2] Harris A R.Time series remote sensing of a climatically sensitive lake[J]. Remote Sensing of Environment,1994,50:83-94.
[3] 胡汝骥,姜逢清,王亚俊,等. 亚洲中部干旱区的湖泊[J]. 干旱区研究,2005,22(4):424-430.
[Hu Ruji,Jiang Fengqing,Wang Yajun,et al. Study on the lakes in arid areas of Central Asia[J]. Arid Zone Research,2005,22(4):424-430.]
[4] 胡汝骥,姜逢清,王亚俊,等.论中国干旱区湖泊研究的重要意义[J]. 干旱区研究,2007,24(2):137-140.
[Hu Ruji,Jiang Fengqing,Wang Yajun,et al. On the importance of research on the lakes in arid land of China[J]. Arid Land Geography,2007,24(2):137-140.]
[5] 施雅风.山地冰川与湖泊萎缩所指示的亚洲中部气候干暖化趋势与未来展望[J]. 地理学报,1991,44(1):1-11.
[Shi Yafeng.The warming trend and prospective in future of the shrinkages of mountains glaciers and inland lakes in the Central Asia[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica,1991,44(1):1-11.]
[6] 王亚俊,孙占东.中国干旱区的湖泊[J]. 干旱区研究,2007,24(4):424-427.
[Wang Yajun,Sun Zhandong.Lakes in the arid areas in China[J]. Arid Zone Research,2007,24(4):424-427.]
[7] 胡汝骥,马虹,樊自立,等,近期新疆湖泊变化所示的气候趋势[J]. 干旱区资源与环境,2002,16(1):20-27.
[Hu Ruji,Ma Hong,Fan Zili,et al.The climate trend demonstrated by changes of the lakes in Xinjiang in recent years[J]. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2002,16(1):20-27.]
[8] 李均力,陈曦,包安明.2003-2009年中亚地区湖泊水位变化的时空特征[J]. 地理学报,2011,66(9):1 219-1 229.
[Li Junli,Chen Xi,Bao Anming. Spatial-temporal characteristics of lake level changes in Central Asia during 2003-2009[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica,2011,66(9):1 219-1 229.]
[9] 白洁,陈曦,李均力,等.1975-2007年中亚干旱区内陆湖泊面积变化遥感分析[J]. 湖泊科学,2011,23(1):80-88.
[Bai Jie,Chen Xi,Li Junli,et al.Changes of inland lake area in arid Central Asia during 1975-2007:A remote-sensing analysis[J]. Journal of Lake Sciences,2011,23(1):80-88.]
[10] 李均力,方晖,包安明,等.近期亚洲中部高山地区湖泊变化的时空分析[J]. 资源科学,2011,33(10):1 021-1 029.
[Li Junli,Fang Hui,Bao Anming,et al.Spatio-temporal analysis of recent changes of lake area and lake water level at high mountains in Central Asia[J]. Resources Science,2011,33(10):1 021-1 029.]
[11] 秦伯强. 气候变化对内陆湖泊影响分析[J]. 地理科学,1993,13(3):212-219.
[Qin Boqiang. Analysis of the influence of climatic change on inland lakes[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica,1993,13(3):212-219.]
[12] 秦伯强. 中亚近期气候变化的湖泊响应[J]. 湖泊科学,1993,5(2):118-126.
[Qing Boqiang. The response of interior lakes to climate change in Central Asia[J]. Journal of Lake Sciences,1993,5(2):118-126.]
[13] 秦伯强.近百年来亚洲中部内陆湖泊演变及其原因分析[J]. 湖泊科学,1999,11(1):11-19.
[Qing Boqiang.A preliminary investigation of lake evolution in 20-century in inland mainland Asia with relation to the global waming[J]. Journal of Lake Sciences,1999,11(1):11-19.]
[14] Lehner B,Döll P.Development and validation of a global database of lakes,reservoirs and wetlands[J]. Journal of Hydrology,2004,296:1-22.
[15] Slater J A,Garvey G,Johnston C,et al.The SRTM data “finishing” process and products[J]. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing,2006,72(3):237-247.
[16] 李均力,盛永伟.青藏高原内陆湖泊变化的遥感制图[J]. 湖泊科学,2011,23(3):311-320.
[Li Junli,Sheng Yongwei.Remotely sensed mapping of inland lake area changes in the Tibetan Plateau[J]. Journal of Lake Sciences,2011,23(3):311-320.]
[17] 陈曦.中国干旱区自然地理[M]. 北京:科学出版社,2010.
[Chen Xi.Physical Geography of Arid Land in China[M]. Beijing:Science Press,2010.]
[18] Li J L,Sheng Y W.An automated scheme for glacial lake dynamic mapping with Landsat imagery and digital elevation models:A case study in the Himalayas[J]. International Journal of Remote Sensing,2012,33(16):5 194-5 213.
[19] Olson D M,Dinerstein E,Wikramanayake E D,et al.Terrestrial ecoregions of the world:A new map of life on Earth[J]. Bioscience,2001,51(11):933-938.
[20] 陈起川,夏自强,郭利丹,等. 中亚湖泊地区气温变化特征[J]. 河海大学学报:自然科学版,2012,40(1):88-94.
[Chen Qichuan,Xia Ziqiang,Guo Lidan,et al. Charateristics of temperature variation in lake zones of Central Asia[J]. Journal of Hohai University:Natural Sciences,2012,40(1):88-94.]