西北干旱区近30 a植被覆盖的时空变化及其对气候因子的响应

doi:10.13866/j.azr.2025.06.10

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

西北干旱区是我国典型的植被脆弱区，植被覆盖在维持该地区独特的陆地生态系统中发挥着关键作用。本研究利用Landsat数据和像元二分模型分析1990—2022年西北干旱区植被覆盖度（Fractional Vegetation Cover，FVC）的时空变化规律，综合应用土地利用数据，Sen斜率估计、Mann-Kendall检验以及相关性分析等方法分析不同植被类型FVC时空变化特征以及对气候变化因子的响应。结果表明：（1）研究区FVC呈现波动上升趋势，上升速率每年为0.98×10^-4，空间分异性特征显著，以极低植被覆盖为主，流域区域FVC较高。（2）土地利用转型驱动FVC格局演变，林地和耕地面积增加，对FVC极高覆盖区的贡献随之增加（分别增加了3.0%、18.8%），草地仍是各覆盖等级的优势载体（平均占比>47.7%）。（3）植被生长季平均降水量排序为灌木>林地>草地>耕地，气温变化趋势与之相反。蒸散发量依次为林地>耕地>草地>灌木。灌木覆盖区年均湿润面积占比达61.03%，耕地区不足5%。植被覆盖度与降水（52.0%）、气温（60.2%）、蒸散发及干燥度（63%）均呈负相关关系，植被对气候变化表现出显著敏感性。研究结果为西北干旱区的生态管理与恢复提供了重要依据。

关键词: FVC, 西北干旱区, 植被覆盖, 趋势分析

Abstract:

The arid region of Northwest China is an area of notable vegetation vulnerability, where vegetation cover plays a crucial role in sustaining unique terrestrial ecosystems. This study utilized Landsat data and the pixel dichotomy model to analyze spatiotemporal variation patterns of Fractional Vegetation Cover (FVC) in the arid region of Northwest China from 1990-2022. Integrating land use data, the research employed Sen’s slope estimation, the Mann-Kendall test, and correlation analysis to investigate FVC characteristics across different vegetation types and their responses to climatic factors. The results indicate that: (1) FVC exhibited a fluctuating upward trend, with an annual increase rate of 0.98×10^-4; spatial heterogeneity was significant, with areas predominantly characterized by very low vegetation coverage, while river basin regions displayed higher FVC values. (2) Land use transformation has driven the evolution of FVC patterns, with increases in forestland and cultivated land contributing to the expansion of areas with very high FVC coverage (increasing by 3.0% and 18.8%, respectively); grassland remains the dominant cover across all levels, with an average proportion exceeding 47.7%. (3) Average precipitation during the vegetation growing season ranks as follows: shrubland>forestland>grassland>cropland, whereas temperature trends are reversed; evapotranspiration follows the order: forestland>cropland>grassland>shrubland; the average annual humid area proportion is 61.03% in shrubland regions, compared to less than 5% in cropland regions. FVC shows negative correlations with precipitation (52.0%), temperature (60.2%), evapotranspiration, and aridity index (63%). Vegetation demonstrates significant sensitivity to climate change. The findings provide an important basis for ecological management and restoration in the arid regions of Northwest China.

Key words: Fractional Vegetation Cover (FVC), arid regions of northwest, vegetation coverage, trend analysis

张秀霞, 韩丽莎, 党星海, 汪孝贤, 林庆润, 邓灵芝, 杨明航, 张喜来. 西北干旱区近30 a植被覆盖的时空变化及其对气候因子的响应[J]. 干旱区研究, 2025, 42(6): 1067-1079.

ZHANG Xiuxia, HAN Lisha, DANG Xinghai, WANG Xiaoxian, LIN Qingrun, DENG Lingzhi, YANG Minghang, ZHANG Xilai. Spatiotemporal changes in vegetation coverage in the arid regions of Northwest China over the past 30 years and their response to climatic factors[J]. Arid Zone Research, 2025, 42(6): 1067-1079.

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数据集	空间分辨率	时间范围	数据来源
Landsat 5 SR	30 m	1990—2011年	美国地质调查局（https://www.usgs.gov/）
Landsat 7 SR	30 m	1999—2012年	美国地质调查局（https://www.usgs.gov/）
Landsat 8 SR	30 m	2013—2022年	美国地质调查局（https://www.usgs.gov/）
土地覆被数据	30 m	1990—2022年	武汉大学30 m分辨率中国土地覆被数据集（https://zenodo.org/record/8176941/）
气温数据	0.5°	1990—2022年	CRU TS（https://crudata.uea.ac.uk/cru/data/hrg/）
降水数据	0.5°	1990—2022年	CRU TS（https://crudata.uea.ac.uk/cru/data/hrg/）
蒸散发数据	0.0083333°	1990—2022年	国家青藏高原科学数据中心（https://data.tpdc.ac.cn/）
干燥度数据	0.0083333°	1990—2022年	国家青藏高原科学数据中心（https://data.tpdc.ac.cn/）

β	Z	趋势特征
β>0	Z>1.96	显著增加
β>0	Z<1.96	轻微增加
β=0	Z=0	无变化
β<0	Z>-1.96	轻微减少
β<0	Z<-1.96	显著减少