呼伦贝尔东部农田区动态融雪过程及其影响因子

doi:10.13866/j.azr.2024.09.08

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

春季融雪过程不仅是陆面过程与冰雪水文研究领域的关键一环，更直接指示了气候、物候及其变化特征。受气候条件以及观测数据的限制，呼伦贝尔中高纬农田地区积雪消融过程及其变化规律长期被忽略。本文以呼伦贝尔东部农田区域两个野外雪深自动观测站2021—2022年小时级雪深数据以及同步气温、地表温度等气象观测数据为依据，分析了呼伦贝尔农区积雪消融过程及其敏感影响因子。结果表明：（1）在呼伦贝尔高纬农区积雪持续期一般始于10月中旬并终于次年3月上旬，其中，2022年的积雪期长达116 d。秋冬季节积雪较浅，雪深一般处于5~9 cm，春季雪深大多超过10 cm以上。积雪融化期始于3月上旬，完全融化需5~18 d。（2）年融雪过程表现为先逐渐减少后迅速融化的前稳后急特征。日融雪过程则开始于每日9:00—10:00，最大融雪速率通常出现于11:00—16:00。（3）气温和雪面温度对积雪融化影响显著，但融雪与土壤温度相关最为显著，9:00—17:00地表0 cm的温度是融化速率快慢的主导影响因子。（4）不同类型融雪过程对比表明，呼伦贝尔市高纬农区动态融雪特征与草地、林地不同覆盖条件下融雪过程有较好的一致性，表明融雪过程主要决定于热量条件的差异，不同土地覆盖与利用类型条件下的融雪过程差异性小。

关键词: 积雪, 融雪特征, 影响因子, 农田, 呼伦贝尔

Abstract:

The spring snowmelt process is not only a key part of land surface processes and snow hydrology studies but also directly indicates climate, phenology, and their changing characteristics. Due to climatic conditions and limitations in observational data, the snowmelt process and its altering patterns in the snow-covered farmlands of the northern mid-high latitude regions have been long neglected. This paper, based on hourly snow depth data from two automatic snow depth observation stations in the eastern farmland area of Hulunbuir during 2021-2022 and synchronous meteorological observation data such as air and ground temperatures, analyzes the snowmelt process on the underlying surface of the northern agricultural area and the factors influencing it. The results show that: (1) In these areas, the snow cover period generally started in mid-October and ended in early March of the following year, with the snow cover period in 2022 lasting 116 days. The snow depth in autumn and winter was relatively shallow, generally 5-9 cm, and in spring, often exceeded 10 cm. The snowmelt period began in early March, and complete melting took 5-18 days. (2) The annual snowmelt process was characterized by a gradual decrease followed by a rapid melt. The daily snowmelt process started between 9:00 and 10:00 AM, with the maximum melting rate usually occurring between 11:00 AM and 16:00 PM. (3) Air and snow surface temperatures markedly influenced snowmelt, but the correlation between snowmelt and soil temperature was the most significant, with the 0 cm ground surface temperature between 9:00 AM and 17:00 PM being the dominant factor influencing the rate of melting. (4) A comparison of the different types of snowmelt processes suggested that the dynamic snowmelt characteristics in these areas were consistent with those under various cover conditions such as grass and forestlands, indicating that the snowmelt process was mainly influenced by differences in thermal conditions, with little variability in the snowmelt process under various land cover and use types.

Key words: snow, snowmelt characteristics, influencing factors, farmland, Hulun Buir

黄坤琳, 吴国周, 徐维新, 李利东, 王海梅, 李航, 李自翔, 司荆柯, 刘洪宾, 吴成娜. 呼伦贝尔东部农田区动态融雪过程及其影响因子[J]. 干旱区研究, 2024, 41(9): 1514-1526.

HUANG Kunlin, WU Guozhou, XU Weixin, LI Lidong, WANG Haimei, LI Hang, LI Zixiang, SI Jingke, LIU Hongbin, WU Chengna. Dynamic snowmelt process and its influencing factors in the eastern farmland region of Hulun Buir[J]. Arid Zone Research, 2024, 41(9): 1514-1526.

图/表 10

图1

图2

图3

图4

图5

图6

表1

莫旗、扎兰屯站点融雪期逐1 h雪深与同步至超前6:00气温相关系数"

站点	年份		气温
站点	年份		6:00	7:00	8:00	9:00	10:00	11:00	12:00	13:00	14:00	15:00	16:00	17:00	18:00	19:00	20:00	21:00	22:00
莫旗	2021年雪深	6:00	-0.64
		7:00	-0.66	-0.71
		8:00	-0.67	-0.72	-0.76
		9:00	-0.68	-0.72	-0.76	-0.79
		10:00	-0.69	-0.74	-0.77	-0.80	-0.82
		11:00	-0.71	-0.75	-0.79	-0.81	-0.83	-0.83
		12:00	-0.71	-0.76	-0.79	-0.82	-0.84	-0.84	-0.83
		13:00	-0.72	-0.77	-0.80	-0.83	-0.84	-0.84	-0.84	-0.84
		14:00	-0.73	-0.78	-0.81	-0.84	-0.85	-0.85	-0.85	-0.84	-0.84
		15:00	-0.73	-0.77	-0.80	-0.83	-0.84	-0.84	-0.84	-0.84	-0.84	-0.84
		16:00	-0.72	-0.77	-0.80	-0.82	-0.84	-0.84	-0.83	-0.83	-0.83	-0.84	-0.83
		17:00	-0.73	-0.77	-0.80	-0.82	-0.84	-0.84	-0.83	-0.83	-0.83	-0.84	-0.83	-0.80
		18:00	-0.72	-0.77	-0.80	-0.82	-0.84	-0.84	-0.84	-0.83	-0.83	-0.84	-0.83	-0.80	-0.75
		19:00		-0.77	-0.80	-0.82	-0.84	-0.84	-0.83	-0.83	-0.83	-0.84	-0.83	-0.81	-0.76	-0.72
		20:00			-0.80	-0.83	-0.85	-0.85	-0.85	-0.84	-0.84	-0.85	-0.84	-0.82	-0.77	-0.73	-0.69
		21:00				-0.83	-0.85	-0.85	-0.84	-0.84	-0.85	-0.85	-0.85	-0.82	-0.77	-0.73	-0.69	-0.66
		22:00					-0.85	-0.85	-0.85	-0.85	-0.85	-0.86	-0.86	-0.83	-0.78	-0.75	-0.71	-0.67	-0.65
扎兰屯	2022年雪深	6:00	-0.62
		7:00	-0.62	-0.64
		8:00	-0.64	-0.65	-0.68
		9:00	-0.64	-0.65	-0.68	-0.71
		10:00	-0.64	-0.65	-0.67	-0.70	-0.71
		11:00	-0.65	-0.66	-0.68	-0.71	-0.72	-0.70
		12:00	-0.69	-0.70	-0.72	-0.75	-0.76	-0.74	-0.72
		13:00	-0.72	-0.74	-0.76	-0.79	-0.80	-0.78	-0.76	-0.73
		14:00	-0.74	-0.76	-0.79	-0.82	-0.83	-0.82	-0.79	-0.76	-0.73
		15:00	-0.76	-0.78	-0.81	-0.85	-0.86	-0.85	-0.83	-0.80	-0.77	-0.75
		16:00	-0.76	-0.79	-0.82	-0.86	-0.88	-0.87	-0.85	-0.83	-0.80	-0.77	-0.78
		17:00	-0.76	-0.78	-0.82	-0.85	-0.88	-0.86	-0.85	-0.82	-0.79	-0.77	-0.78	-0.79
		18:00	-0.75	-0.78	-0.81	-0.86	-0.88	-0.87	-0.85	-0.83	-0.80	-0.78	-0.79	-0.80	-0.82
		19:00		-0.79	-0.83	-0.86	-0.89	-0.87	-0.86	-0.83	-0.80	-0.78	-0.79	-0.80	-0.82	-0.82
		20:00			-0.84	-0.87	-0.89	-0.88	-0.86	-0.83	-0.80	-0.78	-0.79	-0.80	-0.81	-0.82	-0.82
		21:00				-0.88	-0.90	-0.88	-0.86	-0.83	-0.80	-0.78	-0.78	-0.80	-0.81	-0.81	-0.82	-0.80
		22:00					-0.90	-0.88	-0.86	-0.83	-0.80	-0.78	-0.78	-0.79	-0.81	-0.81	-0.81	-0.79	-0.81

表1

图7

表2

表3

莫旗、扎兰屯站点两次快速融雪过程20:00雪深与敏感因子的逐步回归过程及相关参数"

站点	模型		非标准化系数		标准系数	t值	sig	相关性			方差分析		R²	VIF
站点	模型		B	标准误差	Beta	t值	sig	零阶	偏相关	部分相关	F值	sig	R²	VIF
莫旗	Step1	（常量）	-2.750	0.681		-4.038	0.001				152.399	0.000	0.910
	Step1	$T 10 c m 20$	-1.109	0.090	-0.954	-12.345	0.000	-0.954	-0.954	-0.954	152.399	0.000	0.910	1.000
	Step2	（常量）	-4.127	0.734		-5.622	0.000				117.645	0.000	0.944
		$T 10 c m 20$	-1.750	0.234	-1.506	-7.479	0.000	-0.954	-0.894	-0.474				10.111
		$T 0 c m 9$	0.322	0.111	0.582	2.888	0.012	-0.848	0.611	0.183				10.111
扎兰屯	Step1	（常量）	-0.027	0.459		-0.058	0.956				61.365	0.001	0.939
扎兰屯	Step1	$T 0 c m 17$	-0.561	0.072	-0.969	-7.834	0.001	-0.969	-0.969	-0.969	61.365	0.001	0.939	1.000

表3

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