干旱区微塑料污染来源、迁移规律与生态风险

doi:10.13866/j.azr.2025.09.05

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

干旱区作为全球微塑料（Microplastics，MPs）的重要源汇区域，其独特的气候条件和人类活动模式塑造了微塑料污染的特殊性。本文系统梳理了近年来干旱区微塑料的来源与污染特征、迁移规律及生态风险。污染特征方面，干旱区土壤微塑料丰度呈现显著空间异质性，纤维状微塑料占比达64%~92%，聚乙烯（Polyethylene，PE）、聚丙烯（Polypropylene，PP）和尼龙为主要成分，其中农膜残留是主要来源。迁移机制上，风蚀和沙尘暴事件主导局地至区域尺度传输，纤维状微塑料因高长径比和低密度更易通过大气环流实现跨境迁移；电场与风场耦合作用延长了微塑料的大气驻留时间。生态风险方面，微塑料通过改变土壤理化性质（如孔隙结构、持水性）、干扰微生物代谢及诱导植物氧化应激，对生态系统产生多维度影响。未来需重点关注多尺度模型耦合、微塑料-污染物复合效应及标准化监测体系的建立。

关键词: 干旱区, 微塑料, 来源, 迁移规律, 生态风险

Abstract:

Arid regions function as important global sources and sinks for microplastics (MPs), with their unique climatic conditions and human activity patterns giving rise to specific MP pollution characteristics. This article systematically reviews recent advances in understanding MP sources, pollution patterns, migration, and ecological risks within arid environments. Regarding pollution characteristics, soil MP abundance exhibits significant spatial heterogeneity, with fibrous microplastics accounting for 64%-92% of the total. Polyethylene, polypropylene, and nylon are identified as the main polymer components, primarily originating from agricultural film residues. In terms of migration mechanisms, wind erosion and sandstorm events dominate local-to-regional-scale transport. Due to their high aspect ratio and low density, fibrous microplastics are particularly prone to cross-border atmospheric migration, further prolonged by the coupling effect of electric and wind fields on their atmospheric residence time. Ecologically, MPs exert multi-dimensional impacts on ecosystems by altering soil physicochemical properties (e.g., pore structure and water retention capacity), interfering with microbial metabolism, and inducing oxidative stress in plants. Future research efforts should focus on integrating multiscale models, investigating the combined effects of microplastics and other pollutants, and establishing a standardized monitoring system.

Key words: arid regions, microplastics, source, migration pattern, ecological risk

汪彩琴, 邵佳时, 扶黛叶, 张道勇, 潘响亮. 干旱区微塑料污染来源、迁移规律与生态风险[J]. 干旱区研究, 2025, 42(9): 1599-1611.

WANG Caiqin, SHAO Jiashi, FU Daiye, ZHANG Daoyong, PAN Xiangliang. Sources, migration and ecological risks of microplastic pollution in arid regions[J]. Arid Zone Research, 2025, 42(9): 1599-1611.

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地点	水	沉积物	土壤	空气	参考文献
内蒙古高原湖泊	0.5~12.6 个·L^-1	50~325 个·L^-1	-	-	[43]
黄土高原，黄河	51.1~686.7 个·kg^-1	-	-	-	[44]
青藏高原，青海湖	0.05× 10⁵~7.6× 10⁵ 个·km^-2	50~1292 个·km^-2	-	-	[28,45]
伊朗，马哈鲁湖	10.4 个·kg^-1	57.1 个·kg^-1	-	-	[44]
川藏	-	-	76.2~159.6 个·kg^-1	-	[15,46]
黄土高原	-	-	1667~4333 个·kg^-1	-	[47]
新疆，阿勒泰	-	-	1.1×10⁴~7.8×10⁴ 个·kg^-1	-	[48]
新疆，石河子	-	-	80.3~1075.6 个·kg^-1	-	[13]
伊朗，德黑兰	-	-	-	0.74~1 个·m^-3	[48]
伊朗，阿瓦兹	-	-	-	0~0.02 个·m^-3	[7]
埃及，大开罗地区	-	-	-	30~87 个·m^-3	[49]