新疆野果林灌木物种多样性与生态位研究

doi:10.13866/j.azr.2024.12.11

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

灌木是新疆野果林森林群落结构的重要组成部分，对于维持生态系统多样性及其功能具有重要作用。以交吾托海、杏花沟、莫乎尔、大西沟4个野果林居群的灌木群落为研究对象，通过样地（林下、林窗、空地）和样线（样地与样地间、野果林分布的海拔上下线）调查法，探究灌木物种多样性和生态位。结果表明：（1）在野果林共发现18科26属110种灌木，其中蔷薇科、蔷薇属和栒子属是野果林内的优势科属，科和属的分布区类型主要以世界广布和温带分布为主；重要值占比较大的是小檗属（黑果小檗）、忍冬属（小叶忍冬、新疆忍冬）和蔷薇属（弯刺蔷薇、疏花蔷薇）；各野果林居群内不同生境的灌木多样性系数无显著差异，从大西沟、莫乎尔、交吾托海至杏花沟，各居群的灌木多样性系数逐渐减小；（2）交吾托海与莫乎尔的黑果小檗及杏花沟的小叶忍冬的生态位宽度最大，大西沟的黑果小檗的Levins生态位宽度和金丝桃叶绣线菊的Shannon-Winner生态位宽度最大，这些物种分布最广，资源利用与环境适应能力较强；野果林内生态位重叠指数<0.5种对占总种对的50%以上，对环境资源利用的相似性较低，种间竞争较弱；交吾托海、莫乎尔灌木总体呈不显著负联结，杏花沟、大西沟灌木总体呈不显著正联结，其均处于不稳定的演替前期。新疆野果林的灌木物种组成较为丰富，不同野果林居群的灌木物种组成及其多样性有显著差异，灌木种群处于不稳定阶段，这与野果林生态系统的整体功能密切相关。

关键词: 灌木, 多样性, 植物区系, 生态位, 野果林, 新疆

Abstract:

Shrub is an important part of forest community structure in Xinjiang wild fruit forest and plays an important role in maintaining ecosystem diversity and function. In this article, shrub communities of 4 wild fruit forest populations in JWTH, XHG, MHE and DXG were studied, then the species diversity and ecological niche of shrub were investigated by the means of sample plots (understory, forest gap, open space) and transversal lines (elevation lines between plots and wild fruit forest distribution). The results indicated that: (1) In the wild fruit forest: 110 species belonging to 26 genera and 18 families were found (see Annex 1 in the list), among which Rosaceae, Rosa and Cotoneaster are the dominant families and genera in the wild fruit forest; the areal-types of its families and genera are mainly distributed in the world and temperate zone; the important value accounts for a large proportion were Berberis (Berberis atrocarpa), Lonicera (Lonicera microphylla, Lonicera tatarica) and Rosa (Rosa beggeriana, Rosa laxa). There was no significant difference in shrub diversity coefficient among different habitats of the same wild fruit forest population, and the shrub diversity among populations gradually decreases from DXG, MHE, JWTH to XHG. (2) For the niche width, both B_L and B_S of B. atrocarpa in JWTH and MHE, L. microphylla in XHG were the largest, B_L of B. atrocarpa in DXG had the largest Levins niche width and B_S of Spiraea hypericifolia had the largest Shannon-Winner niche width. These species were widely distributed with strong ability of resource utilization and environmental adaptation. Ecological niche overlapped, <0.5 species pairs accounted for more than 50% of the total species pairs in wild fruit forest, and the similarity of environmental resources utilization was low, with weak competition between species. The shrubs of JWTH and MHE showed no significant negative association, while the shrubs of XHG and DXG showed no significant positive association, all of which were in the unstable early stage of succession. Conclusion: Xinjiang wild fruit forest was found with rich shrub species composition, the shrub species composition and diversity of different wild fruit forest populations were significantly different, the shrub population also was in an unstable state in the wild fruit forest ecosystem, which is closely related to the overall function of the wild fruit forest ecosystem.

Key words: shrub, diversity, flora, ecological niche, wild fruit forests, Xinjiang

吴明江, 邱娟, 郑凤, 凌孝波, 王新宇, 杨洋, 杨佳鑫, 刘立强. 新疆野果林灌木物种多样性与生态位研究[J]. 干旱区研究, 2024, 41(12): 2094-2109.

WU Mingjiang, QIU Juan, ZHENG Feng, LING Xiaobo, WANG Xinyu, YANG Yang, YANG Jiaxin, LIU Liqiang. Study on shrub species diversity and niche of wild fruit forest in Xinjiang[J]. Arid Zone Research, 2024, 41(12): 2094-2109.

图/表 13

表1

样地信息概况"

野果林居群	生境	编号	经度	纬度	海拔/m	坡度/(°)	坡向
交吾托海JWTH	林下LX	LX-1	83°36′25.71″E	43°22′35.49″N	1473.7	26	西北322°
		LX-2	83°33′56.12″E	43°22′24.41″N	1440.5	20	西北322°
		LX-3	83°33′48.59″E	43°22′17.69″N	1459.8	17	西北318°
	林窗LC	LC-1	83°36′21.73″E	43°22′37.14″N	1446.7	20	北34°
		LC-2	83°36′25.22″E	43°22′33.83″N	1490.1	22	北20°
		LC-3	83°35′50.52″E	43°22′40.52″N	1395.2	15	北13°
	空地KD	KD-1	83°36′20.90″E	43°22′35.92″N	1446.0	24	北345°
		KD-2	83°36′03.07″E	43°22′37.76″N	1420.7	16	北355°
		KD-3	83°34′58.76″E	43°22′36.76″N	1392.1	15	东北25°
杏花沟XHG	林下LX	LX-1	83°26′14.58″E	43°32′24.99″N	1138.0	31	东北54°
		LX-2	83°26′04.13″E	43°32′56.92″N	1326.5	29	东南154°
		LX-3	83°26′18.58″E	43°23′45.05″N	1243.1	20	西南213°
	林窗LC	LC-1	83°26′04.30″E	43°32′59.22″N	1352.0	35	东107°
		LC-2	83°26′19.21″E	43°32′36.39″N	1138.5	8	东108°
		LC-3	83°25′57.22″E	43°33′13.23″N	1568.5	42	东74°
	空地KD	KD-1	83°26′22.25″E	43°32′50.53″N	1291.5	22	南154°
		KD-2	83°26′21.93″E	43°32′54.09″N	1253.2	34	北307°
		KD-3	83°25′56.84″E	43°33′10.84″N	1535.0	37	东南138°
莫乎尔MHE	林下LX	LX-1	82°43′13.77″E	43°12′09.82″N	1369.7	15	东81°
		LX-2	82°43′33.43″E	43°12′08.87″N	1317.1	28	西北296°
		LX-3	82°44′19.49″E	43°14′03.57″N	1261.0	23	北22°
	林窗LC	LC-1	82°43′33.19″E	43°12′08.28″N	1315.1	26	西南243°
		LC-2	82°44′09.85″E	43°14′02.99″N	1322.5	15	西南234°
		LC-3	82°45′16.93″E	43°13′20.79″N	1242.2	25	东北57°
	空地KD	KD-1	82°43′13.33″E	43°12′29.28″N	1325.4	21	东83°
		KD-2	82°43′39.12″E	43°14′15.33″N	1330.2	16	东北25°
		KD-3	82°45′25.44″E	43°13′87.20″N	1306.2	24	东北36°
大西沟DXG	林下LX	LX-1	80°46′49.10″E	44°26′12.75″N	1230.2	19	南182°
		LX-2	82°45′17.19″E	44°25′50.41″N	1160.1	26	南153°
		LX-3	80°46′19.63″E	44.26°39.90′″N	1253.9	27	西南205°
	林窗LC	LC-1	80°46′99.66″E	44°26′13.06″N	1243.1	21	南180°
		LC-2	80°46′38.51″E	44°25′56.95″N	1171.3	22	南183°
		LC-3	80°46′42.35″E	44°25′55.13″N	1166.9	22	西南211°
	空地KD	KD-1	80°46′38.19″E	44°25′51.66″N	1187.6	29	东102°
		KD-2	80°46′36.23″E	44°25′49.46″N	1202.2	34	东96°
		KD-3	80°47′35.33″E	44°26′01.10″N	1246.0	24	东南119°

表1

表2

表3

表4

表5

野果林各居群灌木物种重要值"

物种	交吾托海JWTH				杏花沟XHG				莫乎尔MHE				大西沟DXG
物种	林下LX	林窗LC	空地KD	居群	林下LX	林窗LC	空地KD	居群	林下LX	林窗LC	空地KD	居群	林下LX	林窗LC	空地KD	居群
黑果小檗Berberis atrocarpa	11.28	6.00	11.32	28.60	-	-	-	-	14.05	16.73	10.19	40.97	9.66	7.29	4.54	21.49
小叶忍冬Lonicera microphylla	5.87	10.56	3.53	19.96	8.93	3.23	10.71	22.88	-	-	2.03	2.03	1.73	0.66	1.85	4.24
矮小忍冬Lonicera humilis	-	18.65	3.49	22.14	4.71	2.97	3.51	11.19	1.25	-	1.79	3.04	-	-	-	-
新疆忍冬Lonicera tatarica	-	-	-	-	-	-	5.79	5.79	1.89	1.23	12.32	15.44	2.57	-	1.41	3.98
弯刺蔷薇Rosa beggeriana	-	2.59	16.70	20.23	-	-	-	-	4.90	4.70	3.53	13.13	0.91	1.20	-	2.11
疏花蔷薇Rosa laxa	-	-	3.54	2.59	3.42	-	-	3.42	5.10	2.64	-	7.74	2.06	2.36	1.43	5.85
密刺蔷薇Rosa spinosissima	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	1.05	1.05	-	-	1.92	1.92
宽刺蔷薇Rosa platyacantha	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	0.66	-	0.66
腺毛蔷薇Rosa fedtschenkoana	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	1.37	-	-	1.37	-	-	-	-
樱桃李Prunus cerasifera	6.48	-	-	6.48	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	1.19	2.75	3.94
准噶尔栒子Cotoneaster soongoricus	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	1.81	1.74	1.09	4.62	1.30	1.13	0.94	3.37
水栒子Cotoneaster multiflorus	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	1.58	-	-	1.58	0.70	-	0.67	1.37
药鼠李Rhamnus cathartica	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	3.13	2.26	-	5.39
天山樱桃Prunus tianshanica	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	1.21	5.41	6.62
金丝桃叶绣线菊Spiraea hypericifolia	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	1.42	1.07	2.50	3.65	8.57	17.65	29.88
黄刺条Caragana frutex	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	2.23	2.77	4.18	9.18
沙棘Hippophae rhamnoides	-	-	-	-	-	26.52	26.52	53.04	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
欧洲木莓Rubus caesius	-	-	-	-	-	3.68	-	3.68	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
铁线莲Clematis florida	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	4.01	-	2.52	6.53	-	-	-	-
和值	23.63	37.80	38.57	100.00	17.06	36.40	46.54	100.00	35.95	28.46	35.59	100.00	27.95	29.30	42.75	100.00

表5

图1

图2

表6

4个野果林居群灌木生态位宽度"

野果林居群	交吾托海JWTH		杏花沟XHG		莫乎尔MHE		大西沟DXG
野果林居群	$B L$	$B S$	$B L$	$B S$	$B L$	$B S$	$B L$	$B S$
黑果小檗Berberis atrocarpa	4.57	1.63	-	-	5.32	1.83	6.81	2.01
小叶忍冬Lonicera microphylla	2.78	1.06	3.10	1.24	1.00	0.00	4.17	1.59
矮小忍冬Lonicera humilis	1.09	0.18	2.33	0.96	1.80	0.64	-	-
新疆忍冬Lonicera tatarica	-	-	1.00	0.00	1.40	0.54	3.85	1.47
弯刺蔷薇Rosa beggeriana	2.45	0.99			2.47	1.24	5.05	1.69
疏花蔷薇Rosa laxa	1.00	0.00	1.00	0.00	2.35	1.01	5.05	1.69
密刺蔷薇Rosa spinosissima	-	-	-	-	1.00	0.00	1.00	0.00
宽刺蔷薇Rosa platyacantha	-	-	-	-	-	-	1.00	0.00
腺毛蔷薇Rosa fedtschenkoana	-	-	-	-	1.00	0.00	-	-
樱桃李Prunus cerasifera	1.80	0.64	-	-	-	-	4.8	1.59
准噶尔栒子Cotoneaster soongoricus	-	-	-	-	2.33	0.96	4.26	1.52
水栒子Cotoneaster multiflorus	-	-	-	-	1.00	0.00	1.6	0.56
药鼠李Rhamnus cathartica	-	-	-	-	-	-	3.05	1.28
天山樱桃Prunus tianshanica	-	-	-	-	-	-	2.84	1.29
金丝桃叶绣线菊Spiraea hypericifolia	-	-	-	-	1.60	0.56	6.79	2.03
黄刺条Caragana frutex	-	-	-	-	-	-	3.91	1.76
沙棘Hippophae rhamnoides	-	-	2.00	0.69	-	-	-	-
欧洲木莓Rubus caesius	-	-	1.00	0.00	-	-	-	-
铁线莲Clematis florida	-	-	-	-	4.45	1.55	-	-
平均	2.28	0.75	1.74	0.48	2.14	0.69	3.71	1.28

表6

表7

表8

表9

表10

表11

4个野果林居群的灌木间总体联结性分析"

系数	$δ T 2$	$S T 2$	方差比率（VR）	检验统计量（W）	$χ 2$ 临界值（ $χ 0.95 2 9$ , $χ 0.05 2 9$ ）	测度结果
交吾托海JWTH	1.11	0.54	0.49	4.40	（3.94,18.31）	不显著负关联
杏花沟XHG	0.94	1.11	1.18	10.66	（3.94,18.31）	不显著正关联
莫乎尔MHE	2.00	1.21	0.61	5.44	（3.94,18.31）	不显著负关联
大西沟DXG	2.27	2.32	1.02	9.20	（3.94,18.31）	不显著正关联

表11

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所含属数	科数	百分比	所含种数	属数	百分比/%
含有1属的科	15	83.33	含有1~3种的属	16	61.54
含有2属的科	2	11.11	含有4~6种的属	4	15.38
含有3属及以上的科	1	5.56	含7种及以上的属	6	23.08
合计	18	100.00	合计	26	100.00

区系组	类型及变型	科数	占比/%
世界分布	1. 世界广布	8科（毛茛科Ranunculaceae、虎耳草科Saxifragaceae、蔷薇科Rosaceae、豆科Leguminosae、鼠李科Rhamnaceae、白花丹科Plumbaginaceae、蓼科Polygonaceae、茄科Solanaceae）	44.44
热带成分	2. 泛热带（热带广布）	2科（卫矛科Celastraceae、蒺藜科Zygophyllaceae）	11.11
热带成分	（6d）南非（主要是好望角）	1科（杜鹃花科Ericaceae）	5.56
温带成分	8. 北温带广布	1科（忍冬科Caprifoliaceae）	5.56
	8-4. 北温带和南温带间断分布	3科（杨柳科Salicaceae、槭树科Aceraceae、胡颓子科Elaeagnaceae）	16.66
	8-5. 欧亚和南美洲温带间断	2科（麻黄科Ephedraceae、小檗科Berberidaceae）	11.11
	10. 旧世界温带	1科（柽柳科Tamaricaceae）	5.56
合计	-	18科	100.00

区系组	类型及变型	属数	占比/%
世界分布	1. 世界分布	3属（铁线莲属Clematis、悬钩子属Rubus、鼠李属Rhamnus）	11.54
温带成分	8. 北温带分布	6属（山楂属Crataegus、蔷薇属Rosa、花楸属Sorbus、绣线菊属Spiraea、忍冬属Lonicera、荚蒾属Viburnum）	23.08
	8-2. 北极-高山	1属（北极果属Arctous）	3.85
	8-4. 北温带和南温带间断（泛温带）	7属（李属Prunus、柳属Salix、茶藨子属Ribes、卫矛属Euonymus、槭属Acer、萹蓄属Polygonum、枸杞属Lycium）	26.90
	8-5. 欧亚和南温带间断	2属（小檗属Berberis、麻黄属Ephedra）	7.69
	10. 旧世界温带分布	3属（栒子属Cotoneaster、水柏枝属Myricaria、沙棘属Hippophae）	11.54
	10-1. 地中海、西亚（或中亚）和东亚间断	1属（木蓼属Atraphaxis）	3.85
	11. 温带亚洲分布	1属（锦鸡儿属Caragana）	3.85
	12-3. 地中海至温带-亚热带、大洋洲和南美洲间断	1属（白刺属Nitraria）	3.85
	13. 中亚分布	1属（伊犁花属Ikonnikovia）	3.85
合计	-	26属	100.00