河套灌区农田地下水化学特征与不同地类水盐迁移

doi:10.13866/j.azr.2024.11.15

干旱区研究 ›› 2024, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (11): 1956-1968.doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2024.11.15 cstr: 32277.14.AZR.20241115

河套灌区农田地下水化学特征与不同地类水盐迁移

侯聪¹^,²(), 史海滨¹^,²(), 苗庆丰¹^,², 胡智远¹^,², 赵毅¹^,², 于翠翠¹^,², 闫妍¹^,², 范理权¹^,², 张涛³

1.内蒙古农业大学水利与土木建筑工程学院，内蒙古呼和浩特 010018
2.高效节水技术装备与水土环境效应内蒙古工程研究中心，内蒙古呼和浩特 0100181
3.呼和浩特水文水资源分中心，内蒙古呼和浩特 010020

收稿日期:2024-06-07 修回日期:2024-08-04 出版日期:2024-11-15 发布日期:2024-11-29
通讯作者: 史海滨. E-mail: shi_haibin@sohu.com
作者简介:侯聪（2000-），男，硕士研究生，主要从事干旱区农业水文过程研究. E-mail: 2531741700@qq.com
基金资助:
内蒙古自治区“揭榜挂帅”项目(2023JBGS0003);国家重点研发计划(2021YFC3201202-05);国家自然科学基金项目(52269014)

Chemical characteristics of groundwater and water-salt transport in different land classes in the Hetao Irrigation District

HOU Cong¹^,²(), SHI Haibin¹^,²(), MIAO Qingfeng¹^,², HU Zhiyuan¹^,², ZHAO Yi¹^,², YU Cuicui¹^,², YAN Yan¹^,², FAN Liquan¹^,², ZHANG Tao³

1. College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018，Inner Mongolia, China
2. High Efficiency Water-saving Technology and Equipment and Soil Water Environment Engineering Research Center of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Hohhot 010018, Inner Mongolia, China
3. Hohhot Hydrology and Water Resources Sub-Center, Hohhot 010020, Inner Mongolia, China

Received:2024-06-07 Revised:2024-08-04 Published:2024-11-15 Online:2024-11-29

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为确定深度节水背景下河套灌区农田地下水的化学特征与不同类型农田间的水盐迁移转化关系，选取河套灌区典型灌溉农田作为试验区，利用经典统计学、主成分分析与溶质动力学原理，分析典型灌溉农田浅层地下水离子与浅层地下水埋深变化特征，确定影响地下水水质的主要地下水特征因子；讨论作物种植前后土壤离子变化情况；运用定位通量法确定了地下水对不同类型农田间盐分的贡献，并建立水盐均衡模型。结果表明：（1）浅层地下水阳离子以Na⁺+K⁺为主，占阳离子总量的53.22%，阴离子以SO₄^2-为主，占阴离子总量的41.04%，地下水主要化学类型为HCO₃·SO₄-Na型，通过主成分分析得出影响地下水水质的主要特征因子为TDS、Na⁺+K⁺、HCO₃^-、SO₄^2-。（2）作物种植前后盐分积聚以NaCl和Na₂SO₄为主。（3）不同类型田块的蒸散量不同，荒地、葵花地、玉米地的ET分别为422.6 mm、475.6 mm、625.8 mm。（4）玉米、葵花、荒地土壤均处于积盐状态，通过水平渗透进入荒地的盐分为1924 kg·hm^-2，占荒地积盐量的22.00%。（5）荒地与耕地存在盐分过渡带，荒地附近推荐种植葵花等耐盐性较好经济作物。研究可以为当地水资源高效利用、土壤盐渍化调控和农业可持续发展提供指导意义。

关键词: 荒地, 土壤盐分, 地下水补给量, 盐离子, 地下水埋深, 干排盐, 河套灌区

Abstract:

In this study, we aimed to investigate the chemical characteristics of groundwater in farmland within Hetao Irrigation District, focusing on deep water conservation and the relationship between water and salt migration among various types of farmland. Typical irrigated farmland in Hetao Irrigation District was selected as the study area, and an analysis was conducted on shallow groundwater ions and changes in groundwater levels using classical statistics, principal component analysis, and the principle of solute dynamics. The main factors affecting groundwater quality were identified, and the changes in soil ions before and after crop cultivation were examined. Furthermore, the contribution of groundwater to salt accumulation across different types of farmland was quantified, and a water-salt equilibrium model was developed using the locational flux method. The results revealed the following: (1) Shallow groundwater cations were dominated by Na⁺+K⁺, constituting 53.22% of total cations, while anions were dominated by SO₄^2-, making up 41.04% of total anions; thus, the principal chemical type of groundwater was classified as HCO₃·SO₄-Na, with key factors affecting groundwater quality identified as Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Na⁺+K⁺, HCO₃^-, and SO₄^2- through principal component analysis. (2) Salt accumulation before and after crop cultivation was mainly comprised of NaCl and Na₂SO₄. (3) Evapotranspiration (ET) varied across different types of fields, with measurements of 422.6 mm for wasteland, 475.6 mm for sunflower fields, and 625.8 mm for maize fields. (4) Maize, sunflower, and wasteland soils exhibited salt accumulation, with horizontal infiltration contributing 1924 kg·hm^-2 of salt to wasteland, accounting for 22.00% of total salt accumulation. (5) There is a salt transition zone between wasteland and arable land, indicating the planting of salt-tolerant cash crops, such as sunflower, near wasteland to mitigate crop yield reductions due to high salinity levels. This study offers valuable insights into the efficient use of local water resources, soil salinity management, and sustainable agricultural development.

Key words: wasteland, soil salinity, groundwater recharge, salt ions, groundwater depth, dry drainage salinity, Hetao Irrigation District

侯聪, 史海滨, 苗庆丰, 胡智远, 赵毅, 于翠翠, 闫妍, 范理权, 张涛. 河套灌区农田地下水化学特征与不同地类水盐迁移[J]. 干旱区研究, 2024, 41(11): 1956-1968.

HOU Cong, SHI Haibin, MIAO Qingfeng, HU Zhiyuan, ZHAO Yi, YU Cuicui, YAN Yan, FAN Liquan, ZHANG Tao. Chemical characteristics of groundwater and water-salt transport in different land classes in the Hetao Irrigation District[J]. Arid Zone Research, 2024, 41(11): 1956-1968.

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土地类型	土层深度/cm	砂粒/%	黏粒/%	粉粒/%	土壤类型	土壤容重/（g·cm^-3）	田间持水率/%	饱和含水率/%
葵花	0~10	0.32	0.06	0.62	粉砂壤土	1.6	28.66	34.37
	10~20	0.18	0.1	0.72	粉砂壤土	1.54	27.67	36.16
	20~40	0.29	0.07	0.64	粉砂壤土	1.51	26.72	32.92
	40~60	0.03	0.16	0.81	粉砂壤土	1.5	29.23	34.13
	60~80	0.06	0.16	0.78	粉砂壤土	1.5	32.72	37.92
	80~100	0.3	0.06	0.64	粉砂壤土	1.47	33.27	40.36
玉米	0~10	0.23	0.06	0.7	粉砂壤土	1.58	27.17	32.63
	10~20	0.18	0.08	0.74	粉砂壤土	1.52	29.72	33.79
	20~40	0.18	0.06	0.76	粉砂壤土	1.47	31.11	35.53
	40~60	0.17	0.04	0.79	粉砂壤土	1.48	31.32	35.64
	60~80	0.36	0.03	0.61	粉砂壤土	1.51	36.07	40.73
	80~100	0.17	0.05	0.78	粉砂壤土	1.49	33.06	38.91
荒地	0~10	0.19	0.05	0.76	粉砂壤土	1.67	31.87	39.29
	10~20	0.2	0.05	0.75	粉砂壤土	1.49	28.48	34.49
	20~40	0.1	0.04	0.85	粉土	1.48	27.89	33.57
	40~60	0.08	0.05	0.88	粉土	1.45	33.33	39.33
	60~80	0.07	0.06	0.87	粉土	1.56	30.28	36.46
	80~100	0.05	0.07	0.87	粉土	1.51	31.37	39.07

作物	灌溉事件	灌溉日期	灌水定额/mm	灌溉总额/mm
向日葵	第1水	5月18日	150	150
玉米	第2水	6月27日	110	390
	第3水	7月17日	150
	第4水	8月5日	130

测定指标	CO₃^2-	HCO₃^-	Cl^-	Ca²⁺	Mg²⁺	SO₄^2-	Na⁺+K⁺	TDS	pH
最小值/（mg·L^-1）	0	24	160	36	39	208	130	1021	7.80
最大值/（mg·L^-1）	84	1355	808	285	314	1328	579	3057	8.56
平均值/（mg·L^-1）	31	407	324	160	102	531	298	1372	7.97
标准差/（mg·L^-1）	19	313	118	57	52	227	111	356	0.36
变异系数/%	0.61	0.77	0.37	0.36	0.51	0.43	0.37	0.26	0.04

主成分	特征值	贡献率/%	累计贡献率/%
PCA1	3.08	38.50	38.50
PCA2	2.01	25.17	63.67
PCA3	1.04	13.04	76.71

土地类型	降水量/mm	水平渗入量/mm	地下水补给量/mm	灌溉量/mm	渗漏量/mm	储水变化量/mm	腾发量/mm
荒地	52.9	79.6	186.7	0	0	-103.4	422.6
葵花	52.9	39.3	132.3	150	67.3	-168.4	475.6
玉米	52.9	19.8	167.6	390	152	-147.5	625.8

河套灌区农田地下水化学特征与不同地类水盐迁移

Chemical characteristics of groundwater and water-salt transport in different land classes in the Hetao Irrigation District

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土地类型	灌溉引入盐量/（kg·hm^-2）	水平渗入盐量/（kg·hm^-2）	地下水补给盐量/（kg·hm^-2）	盐分总积累量/（kg·hm^-2）
荒地	0	1924	6825	8749
葵花地	945	1467	4982	7394
玉米地	2457	-2585	4502	4374

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