民勤西沙窝沙区不同演替阶段植被变化特征研究

doi:10.13866/j.azr.2023.12.08

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

通过对60 a来民勤西沙窝沙区生态植被观测研究，在地下水位持续下降过程中，植被演替主要经历了4个阶段：退化草甸、柽柳群系阶段；柽柳群系、白刺群系阶段；白刺群系、退化柽柳群系阶段及白刺群系阶段，是植物多样性持续降低、植被覆盖度显著下降、生态严重退化与沙漠化快速发展的过程；随着雨养面积不断扩大，降水量较大的年份，沙旱生草本植物增长，其物种多样性与植被覆盖度增加，降水量小的年份则反之；沙旱生灌木植被相对稳定，年降水量超过140 mm，促进灌木植物种群生长发育，100~140 mm维持生长，低于100 mm趋于退化；多数人工固沙造林树种已退化和衰亡，梭梭作为外来树种生态适应性强，已发展为民勤沙区最大的人工固沙林，造林密度大、干旱是梭梭林退化的主要原因，按植被承载量，低密度造林后可持续性增强；近年来，随着流域综合治理，统筹用水，民勤生态用水供给增加，局部区域地下水位有所上升，形成了一些微域性湿地，过去的草甸植被重现，生态正向发展，而多数沙区的地下水位下降也在减缓，荒漠化仍在发展。

关键词: 民勤, 西沙窝沙区, 植被, 演替, 变化特征

Abstract:

Through eco-measurement and research at the Xishawo desert pasture in Minqin for 60 a, it was found that desert vegetation flora has experienced four main stages with ground water-table decline, they were the degraded meadow steppe and Tamarix flora, Tamarix and Nitraria flora, Nitraria and degraded Tamarix flora, and Nitraria flora, the plant diversity and coverage dcreased in the processing, eco-degradation and desertification developed remarkably; with rain-fed area enlargement, desert herbal plants grew when precipitation was higher in the year, the plant diversity and coverage increased, and vice versa; some desert shrubs were relatively stable, its population growth and development improved when precipitation was over 140 mm, 100-140 mm for basic growth, and < 100 mm degraded gradually; most plant species of windbreak and sand-fixation afforestation degraded under drought conditions, Haloxylon ammodendron had strong eco-adaptability as an introduced species, it has developed into the biggest man-made windbreak and sand-fixation forest in Minqin desert areas, its big density and drought land were the main reasons for degradation, and sustainability could be increased under low density afforestation according to local plant carry capacity. Recently, with the integrated program implementation in the Shiyang River watershed area, eco-water has been increased, groundwater table has increased in some surroundings, some micro-wetlands have formed, original desert meadow steppe has reoccured, and their ecosystems are developing positively; however, ground water table still reduces slowly in most desert areas, and desertification has developed.

Key words: Minqin, Xishawo desert area, vegetation, evolution, change characteristics

满多清, 李得禄, 刘明成, 张德魁, 唐进年, 陈芳, 付贵全, 杨雪梅, 丁峰. 民勤西沙窝沙区不同演替阶段植被变化特征研究[J]. 干旱区研究, 2023, 40(12): 1949-1958.

MAN Duoqing, LI Delu, LIU Mingcheng, ZHANG Dekui, TANG Jinnian, CHEN Fang, FU Guiquan, YANG Xuemei, DING feng. Vegetation change characteristic research of different evolution stages in Minqin Xishawo desert areas[J]. Arid Zone Research, 2023, 40(12): 1949-1958.

图/表 9

图1

表1

60 a来沙井子沙区不同阶段植被变化特征"

年代	地下水位/m	主要灌木植被类型	主要草本植被类型	植被盖度/%
1950—1960s	1~3	① 柽柳群系：与芦苇、芨芨草、盐爪爪、黑果枸杞、胖姑娘、沙蒿、白刺等一至几个建群种形成群丛；② 白刺群系: 与芦苇、柽柳、沙蒿等建群种形成群丛；③ 盐爪爪、柽柳群系: 与芦苇、芨芨草、红砂、柽柳、胖姑娘、白刺等形成群丛。还有膜果麻黄、沙拐枣、霸王、猫头刺、骆驼刺等小群系灌木群丛	① 芦苇群系: 与赖草、拂子茅、刺儿菜、骆驼蓬等1~3个建群种形成群丛; ② 芨芨草群系:与芦苇、盐爪爪、白刺等形成群丛；③ 赖草群系:与拂子茅、芦苇、甜甘草、柽柳等形成群丛; ④ 马蔺群系:与白刺、芨芨草等形成群丛。群丛中多一至多年生中生、沙生草本植物	25~45
1970—1980s	2.93~9.54	① 柽柳群系:与白刺、沙蒿、黑果枸杞等建群种形成群丛；② 白刺群系：与柽柳、沙蒿形成群丛；③ 红砂、盐爪爪群系: 与白刺、柽柳等1~3种形成群丛。还有泡泡刺、膜果麻黄、沙拐枣、霸王、猫头刺、骆驼刺等小群系灌木群丛	芦苇群系、沙生针茅群丛、黄花矶松群丛，以及一至多年生沙旱生草本植物。雨养沙旱生草本为主	15~30
1990—2000s	10.11~22.34	① 白刺群系：与沙蒿、泡泡刺建群种形成群丛；② 红砂群系: 与白刺等1~3种形成群丛。③ 柽柳群系:仅在绿洲边缘与白刺形成群丛。本区还有膜果麻黄、沙拐枣、霸王、黑果枸杞等小群系灌木群丛	黄花矶松、沙生针茅、芦苇等群丛，以及一至多年生沙旱生草本植物	10~25
2010年至今	22.55~23.10	① 白刺群系：与沙蒿、泡泡刺等形成群丛；② 红砂群系: 与白刺、沙蒿等形成群丛；③ 柽柳群系:仅存于绿洲边缘与白刺形成群丛。本区还有膜果麻黄、沙拐枣、霸王等小群系灌木群丛^{[1??????????????????-20]}	黄花矶松、沙生针茅、芦苇等群丛，以及一至多年生沙旱生草本植物	5~20

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植物种	1961年			1981年				2021年
植物种	平均高度 /cm	分盖度/%	多度	平均高度/cm		分盖度/%	多度	平均高度 /cm	分盖度 /%	多度
柽柳Tamarix ramosissima	200	10	多	169	6		较多	152.3	<1	少
白刺Nitraria tangutorum	30	<1	少	25	10		多	22	8	多
盐爪爪Kalidium foliatum	30	6	多	15	0.1		少			很少
黑果枸杞Lycium ruthenicum	25	0.2	少	16	0.1		很少
沙蒿 Artemisia sphaerocephalla	30	<1	少	30	2		少	25	<2	少
红砂Reamuria soongorica				20	0.5		少	26	2	较多
芦苇Phragmites communis	24	11	多	18	3		较少	13	<1	很少
赖草Leymus secalinus	16	5	多	8.7	<1		很少
芨芨草 Achnatherum splendens	28	4	较多	16.5	0.1		很少
甜甘草Glycyrrhiza uralensis	30	3	较多	20	0.1		很少
胖姑娘Karelinia caspica	30	2	少
罗布麻 Poacynum hendersonii	40	1	少
黄花矶松Limonium aureum				21	0.2		少	20	1	较多
沙米Agriophyllum pungens				18	0.5		较多	18	0.4	较多
五星蒿Bassia dasyphylla				10	0.1		较多	8	0.3	较多
白茎盐生草 Halogeton glomeratus				13	0.1		少	13	0.1	少
画眉草Eragrostis pilosa				4			很少	4	0.1	很少
苦豆子 Sophora alopecuroides	20	0.2	少	15			很少
蒙古虫实Corispermumhepta mongolicum	15		很少	16	0.2		少	16	0.2	少
猪毛菜Salsola collina	20		很少	20	0.1		少	18	0.1	少
盖度合计coverage total /%		43.5			24.2				14.3

编号	调查区地理位置	荒漠植物种类	植被盖度/%	地形地貌特征
1	103.23。E，38.94。N	主要为白刺群系植物。有白刺、黑果枸杞、沙蒿、红砂、沙米、五星蒿、白茎盐生草、芦苇、苦豆子、黄松矶松、臭蒿、披针叶黄花、骆驼蓬、刺蓬、沙蓝刺头、斧翅沙芥	9~20	平缓沙地、沙包及流沙地
2	103.28。E，38.92。N	主要为白刺群系、退化柽柳群系植物。有白刺、黑果枸杞、柽柳、蒙古沙拐枣、红砂、盐爪爪、泡泡刺、芦苇、沙米、五星蒿、白茎盐生草、臭蒿、刺蓬、棉蓬、苦豆子、黄花矶松、沙蓝刺头、斧翅沙芥	10~25	多沙包沙地，平缓沙地及流沙地
3	103.15。E，38.81。N	主要为白刺群系、红砂群系植物。有白刺、红砂、沙蒿、蒙古沙拐枣、柽柳、毛条锦鸡儿、芦苇、沙米、白茎盐生草、五星蒿、刺蓬、棉蓬、沙生针茅、黄芪、沙蓝刺头、斧翅沙芥	7~22	沙地、沙包及流沙地相间分布
4	103.18。E，38.78。N	主要为白刺群系、红砂群系植物。白刺、红砂、沙拐枣、沙蒿、柽柳、芦苇、沙米、五星蒿、沙生针茅、黄花矶松、斧翅沙芥、白茎盐生草、棉蓬、刺蓬、灰蒿、沙蓝刺头	9~25	多沙包沙地，平缓沙地、流沙地及山岗丘陵等
5	103.25。E，38.85。N	主要为白刺群系、红砂群系植物。有白刺、红砂、沙蒿、沙拐枣、霸王、柽柳、绵刺、盐爪爪、沙米、五星蒿、芦苇、白茎盐生草、棉蓬、黄花矶松、刺蓬、沙蓝刺头	5~20	沙包、沙地、流沙地及弃耕地等

年代	建群种	伴生种	植被类型	地貌类型	植被盖度/%
1950—1970s	芦苇+禾本科草甸植物、柽柳、盐爪爪	罗布麻、西伯利亚蓼、骆驼蓬、甘草、白刺、黑果枸杞、沙蒿及沙生草本（盐生草、沙米、五星蒿、骆驼蒿、蒙古虫实）等	草甸植被	地表渐干旱沙化的平缓草甸草原	25~80
1980—1990s	柽柳、白刺、盐爪爪	芦苇、赖草、沙蒿、黑果枸杞及沙旱生草本植物（盐生草、沙米、五星蒿、驼蹄瓣、砂蓝刺头、刺沙蓬等）	荒漠植被	灌丛沙包风沙地貌	20~45
2000—2010s	白刺	芦苇、沙生针茅、沙蒿、黑果枸杞、红砂、盐爪爪、猫头刺、退化柽柳沙包及沙旱生草本植物（沙米、盐生草、猪毛菜、五星蒿、刺沙蓬、砂蓝刺头）等	干旱荒漠植被	白刺灌丛沙包和沙丘链风沙地貌^{[1??????????????????~20]}	10~20
2010年至今(生态补水后)	芦苇、盐爪爪、柽柳	赖草、芨芨草、香蒲、甘草、罗布麻、西伯利亚蓼、黑果枸杞、白刺等，沙生草本植物（沙米、五星蒿、盐生草、骆驼蒿、蒙古虫实、碱蓬等）^{[2?????????????????~20]}	草甸植被	平缓沼泽湿地、草甸地貌^[23??-26]	30~90

年份/年	1984年	1985年	1987年			1991年 1992年		2020年 2021年
降水量/mm	113.1	144.5	149.5	145.9	74.9	78.5	115.9	75.2	125.4
柽柳 Tamarix ramosissima	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+
白刺 Nitraria tangutorum	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+
梭梭^ Haloxylon ammodendron*		+	+	+
沙拐枣 Calligonum mongolicum			+	+	+	+	+	+	+
沙蒿^ Artemisia sphaerocephalla*	+	+	+	+	+				+
红砂^ Reamuria soongorica*				+			+		+
黄花矶松 Limonium aureum	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+
芦苇 Phragmites communis	+	+	+	+	+		+		+
沙地旋复花 Inula salsoloides	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+
芨芨草 Achnatherum splendens	+	+	+	+	+		+
甜甘草 Glycyrrhiza uralensis	+	+	+		+		+
碱蓬 Suaeda glauca	+	+	+	+		+	+		+
披针叶黄花 Thermopsis lanceolata			+	+	+		+
沙米 Agriophyllum pungens	+	+	+	+	+				+
五星蒿 Bassia dasyphylla	+	+	+	+	+		+		+
白茎盐生草 Halogeton glomeratus	+	+	+	+			+		+
画眉草 Eragrostis pilosa	+		+				+
刺蓬 Salsola ruthenica	+	+	+	+					+
蒙古虫实 Corispermumhepta mongolicum	+	+	+	+					+
猪毛菜 Salsola collina	+	+	+	+