中国西北城市沙尘天气变化特征——以兰州为例

doi:10.13866/j.azr.2024.07.03

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

近年来，众多学者对我国西北地区沙尘暴的研究主要集中于大尺度、区域性，对城市沙尘暴研究较少。为了解城市沙尘暴的变化特征，本文以兰州为例，分析城市沙尘天气变化特征。结果表明：（1）兰州2009—2023年浮尘、扬沙、沙尘暴日数在时间序列水平上呈多段波动变化趋势，沙尘天气总日数在时间序列水平上整体呈0.66 d·a^-1微弱递减趋势。（2）兰州沙尘天气集中发生在春季，在3月断崖式上升后逐月递减，主要以浮尘为主，其次为扬沙、沙尘暴。（3） 2009—2023年兰州年均沙尘天气发生频次与风速呈正相关，是影响沙尘天气的主要气象因子，与相对湿度呈微弱负相关，与其余气象因素无明显相关关系。（4）浮尘日数存在2~3 a、4~7 a、8~23 a 3种时间周期尺度，呈多段不显著波动趋势，其中，8~23 a对应两个峰值，振幅最强，是浮尘波动的主周期。

关键词: 沙尘天气, 浮尘, 扬沙, 沙尘暴, 变化特征, 兰州

Abstract:

In recent years, many studies on sand and dust storms in Northwest China have mainly focused on large and regional scales, with less research on urban sand and dust storms. This paper studies the changing characteristics of urban sand and dust weather in Lanzhou City to understand the alteration characteristics of urban sand and dust storms. The results showed that (1) The number of days of floating dust, sand lifting, and dust storms in Lanzhou City from 2009 to 2023 showed multisegment fluctuation; the change at the time series level as a whole and the total number of days of sand and dust weather showed a marginal decrease of 0.66 d·a^-1. (2) The sand and dust weather in Lanzhou City was concentrated in the spring, declining monthly after the cliff rises in March, mainly dominated by floating dust, followed by sand and dust storms. (3) The annual average frequency of dusty weather in Lanzhou City from 2009 to 2023 correlated positively with wind speed, which is the main meteorological factor affecting dusty weather, weakly negatively correlated with relative humidity, and no obvious correlation with the rest of the meteorological factors. (4) The number of dusty days occurred in 3-time cycle scales of 2~3 a, 4~7 a, and 8~23 a, revealing a multisegmented nonsignificant fluctuation, of which 8~23 a corresponded to two peaks with the most substantial amplitude, which is the primary cycle of dusty fluctuation.

Key words: dusty weather, floating dust, blowing sand, sandstorm, characteristics of change, Lanzhou

吕彦勋, 赵洪民, 王小军, 王彬, 马仲武, 刘民兰, 张龄慧. 中国西北城市沙尘天气变化特征——以兰州为例[J]. 干旱区研究, 2024, 41(7): 1112-1119.

LYU Yanxun, ZHAO Hongmin, WANG Xiaojun, WANG Bin, MA Zhongwu, LIU Minlan, ZHANG Linghui. Dust weather changes in Northwest Chinese Cities: Lanzhou as a case study[J]. Arid Zone Research, 2024, 41(7): 1112-1119.

图/表 9

图1

图2

图3

图4

图5

表1

图6

图7

图8

参考文献 36

[1]	秦豪君, 杨晓军, 马莉, 等. 2000—2020年中国西北地区区域性沙尘暴特征及成因[J]. 中国沙漠, 2022, 42(6): 53-64. doi: 10.7522/j.issn.1000-694X.2022.00042
	[Qin Haojun, Yang Xiaojun, Ma Li, et al. Characteristics and causes of regional sandstorms in Northwest of China from 2000 to 2020[J]. Journal of Desert Research, 2022, 42(6): 53-64.] doi: 10.7522/j.issn.1000-694X.2022.00042
[2]	杨晓军, 张强, 叶培龙, 等. 中国北方2021年3月中旬持续性沙尘天气的特征及其成因[J]. 中国沙漠, 2021, 41(3): 245-255. doi: 10.7522/j.issn.1000-694X.2021.00062
	[Yang Xiaojun, Zhang Qiang, Ye Peilong et al. Characteristics and causes of persistent sand-dust weather in mid-march 2021 over Northern China[J]. Journal of Desert Research, 2021, 41(3): 245-255.] doi: 10.7522/j.issn.1000-694X.2021.00062
[3]	钱正安, 宋敏红, 李万元. 近50年来中国北方沙尘暴的分布及变化趋势分析[J]. 中国沙漠, 2002, 23(2): 10-15.
	[Qian Zheng’an, Song Minhong, Li Wanwan. Analyseson distributive variation and forecast of sand-dust storms in recent 50 years in North China[J]. Journal of Desert Research, 2002, 23(2): 10-15.]
[4]	魏桂英, 陈少勇, 张媛文. 腾格里沙漠南缘沙尘暴气候变化特征——以甘肃省景泰县为例[J]. 干旱区研究, 2015, 32(6): 1133-1139.
	[Wei Guiying, Chen Shaoyong, Zhang Yuanwen. Sandstorms changing characteristics in the south edge of the tengger desert——Jintai County, Gansu Province as a case study[J]. Arid Zone Research, 2015, 32(6): 1133-1139.]
[5]	陈晓光, 张存杰, 董安祥, 等. 甘肃省沙尘暴过程的划分及统计分析[J]. 高原气象, 2004, 23(3): 374-381.
	[Chen Xiaoguang, Zhang Cunjie, Dong Anxiang, et al. Study on intensity standard of regional sandstorm in Gansu Province[J]. Plateau Meteorology, 2004, 23(3): 374-381.]
[6]	Zhou Y, Gao X, Lei J. Characteristics of dust weather in the Tarim Basin from 1989 to 2021 and its impact on the atmospheric environment[J]. Remote Sensing, 2023, 15(7): 1804.
[7]	Zhu B Q, Zhang J X, Sun C. Potential links of gobi, dust, and desertification: A comprehensive understanding from aeolian landform evolution in a middle-latitude desert[J]. Sediment Geology, 2021, 428, 106049.
[8]	JiunnHorng K, TsaiChing L, Joseph K, et al. Asian dust storm events are associated with an acute increase in stroke hospitalization[J]. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 2012, 67(2): 125.
[9]	Karagulian F, Temimi M, Ghebreyesus D, et al. Analysis of a severe dust storm and its impact on air quality conditions using WRF-Chem modeling, satellite imagery, and ground observations[J]. Air Quality, Atmosphere Health, 2019, 12(4): 453-470.
[10]	杨梅, 李岩瑛, 张春燕, 等. 河西走廊中东部春季沙尘暴变化特征及其典型个例分析[J]. 干旱区地理, 2021, 44(5): 1339-1349.
	[Yang Mei, Li Yanying, Zhang Chunyan, et al. Variation characteristics of spring sandstorm and its typical case analysis in the middle east of Hexi corridor[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2021, 44(5): 1339-1349.]
[11]	Zhi C Y, Yu W, Yi J Z, et al. Why super sandstorm 2021 in North China[J]. National Science Review, 2022, 9(3): 165-171.
[12]	Zhang K, Gao H W. The characteristics of Asian-dust storms during 2000-2002: From the source to the sea[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2007, 41(39): 9136-9145.
[13]	Zhang Z H, Huisingh D. Monitoring, control, management and revegetation[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2018, 182(1): 765-775.
[14]	Tana B, Tao G, Banzragch N, et al. Variations in frequency and intensity of dust events crossing the Mongolia-China border[J]. Sola, 2021, 17(1): 145-150.
[15]	Chen S Y, Zhao D, Huang J P, et al. Mongolia contributed more than 42% of the dust concentrations in northern China in march and april 2023[J]. Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, 2023, 40(9): 1549-1557.
[16]	Yang Y Q, Wang J Z, Niu T, et al. The variability of spring sand-dust storm frequency in Northeast Asia from 1980 to 2011[J]. Acta Meteorologica Sinica, 2013, 27(1): 119-127.
[17]	孔祥吉, 王雨, 黄侃, 等. 2021年春季我国沙尘天气发生时空特征分析[J]. 林业资源管理, 2022, 50(3): 117-121.
	[Kong Xiangji, Wang Yu, Huang Kai, et al. Spatio-temporal characteristics of dust weather in spring 2021 in China[J]. Forestry Resource Management, 2022, 50(3): 117-121.]
[18]	Gui K, Yao W R, Che H Z, et al. Record-breaking dust loading during two mega dust storm events over northern China in march 2021[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2022, 22(12): 7905-7932.
[19]	康杜娟, 王会军. 中国北方沙尘暴气候形势的年代际变化[J]. 中国科学: 地球科学 2005, 26(11): 1096-1102.
	[Kang Dujuan, Wang Huijun. Interdecadal changes of the climate situation of dust storms in northern China[J]. Scientia Sinica (Terrae), 2005, 26(11): 1096-1102.]
[20]	杨明珠, 竺夏英, 艾婉秀, 等. 中国北方春季沙尘天气气候趋势的多因子客观预测[J]. 科技导报, 2019, 37(20): 19-29. doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2019.20.003
	[Yang Mingzhu, Zhu Xiaying, Ai Wanxiu, et al. Multi-factor prediction of spring dust weather frequecy in northern China[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2019, 37(20): 19-29.]
[21]	刘景涛, 钱正安, 姜学恭, 等. 中国北方特强沙尘暴的天气系统分型研究[J]. 高原气象, 2004, 23(4): 540-547.
	[Liu Jingtao, Qian Zheng’an, Jiang Xuegong, et al. A study on weather types of super severe dust storms in Northern China[J]. Plateau Meteorology, 2004, 23(4): 540-547.]
[22]	张增祥, 周全斌, 刘斌, 等. 中国北方沙尘灾害特点及其下垫面状况的遥感监测[J]. 遥感学报, 2001, 16(5): 377-382, 406.
	[Zhang Zengxiang, Zhou Quanbin, Liu Bin, et al. Monitoring of the characters and ground-surface of dust storm area in north China using remote sensing[J]. National Remote Sensing Bulletin, 2001, 16(5): 377-382, 406.]
[23]	张杰, 郭铌, 荻潇泓. 西北地区东部冬季降水与次年沙尘暴发生的关系[J]. 中国沙漠, 2004, 23(5): 87-90.
	[Zhang Jie, Guo Ni, Di Xiaohong. Analysis on precipitation in winter and relation with sand days in Northwest region[J]. Journal of Desert Research, 2004, 23(5): 87-90.]
[24]	Zhou Y C, Gao X, Lei J Q. Characteristics of dust weather in the Tarim Basin from 1989 to 2021 and its impact on the atmospheric environment[J]. Remote Sensing, 2023, 15(7): 1021-1027.
[25]	中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局, 中国国家标准化管理委员会. 沙尘天气等级(GB/T 20480-2017)[S]. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 2017.
	[General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People’s Republic of China, Standardization Administration of the People’s Republic of China. Classification of Sand and Dust Weather (GB/T 20480-2017) [S]. Beijing: Standards Press of China, 2017.]
[26]	李亚云, 成巍, 王宁, 等. 塔克拉玛干沙漠和戈壁沙漠春季沙尘暴特征及其气象影响因素对比[J]. 中国沙漠, 2023, 43(4): 1-9. doi: 10.7522/j.issn.1000-694X.2022.00158
	[Li Yayun, Cheng Wei, Wang Ning, et al. Comparative study on the characteristic of spring sandstorms and the related meteorological factors of the Taklimakan desert and gobi desert[J]. Journal of Desert Research, 2023, 43(4): 1-9.] doi: 10.7522/j.issn.1000-694X.2022.00158
[27]	中国气象局. 地面气象观测规范[M]. 北京: 气象出版社, 2003.
	[China Meteorological Administration. Specification for Surface Meteorological Observation[M]. Beijing: China Meteorological Press, 2003.]
[28]	李玲萍, 李岩瑛, 孙占峰, 等. 河西走廊东部沙尘暴特征及地面气象因素影响机制[J]. 干旱区研究, 2019, 36(6): 1457-1465.
	[Li Lingping, Li Yanying, Sun Zhanfeng, et al. Sandstorm and its affecting meteorological factors in East Hexi Corridor[J]. Arid Zone Research, 2019, 36(6): 1457-1465.]
[29]	杜灵通, 宋乃平, 王磊. 气候变化背景下宁夏近50年来的干旱变化特征[J]. 自然灾害学报, 2015, 24(2): 157-164.
	[Du Lingtong, Song Naiping, Wang Lei. Characteristics of drought changes in Ningxia from 1960 to 2012 under background of climate change[J]. Journal of Natural Disasters, 2015, 24(2): 157-164.]
[30]	梅静, 王建, 何亮, 等. 川西甘孜州1961—2015年气温和降水时空变化特征研究[J]. 山地学报, 2019, 37(2): 161-172.
	[Mei Jing, Wang Jian, He Liang, et al. Spatio-temporal variations of temperature and precipitation in Ganzi of Western Sichuan in China during 1961-2015[J]. Mountain Research, 2019, 37(2): 161-172.]
[31]	《2020年大气环境气象公报》: 全国大气环境继续改善霾日数继续下降[J]. 中国环境监察, 2021, 12(4): 4-5.
	[Atmospheric environment and meteorology bulletin 2020: National atmospheric environment continues to improve and the number of hazy days continues to decline[J]. China Environment Supervision, 2021, 12(4): 4-5.]
[32]	Tan Z Y, LiuY Z, Zhu Q Z, et al. Effect of dust aerosols on the heat exchange over the Taklimakan desert[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2022, 276(4): 215-220.
[33]	杨燕萍, 王莉娜, 杨丽丽, 等. 兰州市沙尘天气污染特征及潜在源区[J]. 中国沙漠, 2020, 40(3): 60-66. doi: 10.7522/j.issn.1000-694X.2019.00045
	[Yang Yanping, Wang Lina, Yang Lili, et al. Air pollution characteristics and potential sources in Lanzhou during dust weather[J]. Journal of Desert Research, 2020, 40(3): 60-66.] doi: 10.7522/j.issn.1000-694X.2019.00045
[34]	Meij D A, Bossioli E, Penard C, et al. The effect of srtm and corine land cover data on calculated gas and PM₁₀ concentrations in WRF-Chem[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2015, 101(2): 177-193.
[35]	Sujitha P R, Santra Priyabrata, Bera A K, et al. Detecting dust loads in the atmosphere over thar desert by using MODIS and INSAT-3D data[J]. Aeolian Research, 2022, 57(12): 1009-1016.
[36]	李红军, 李军, 何清. 新疆沙尘暴的趋势和突变研究[J]. 中国沙漠, 2008, 28(5): 915-919.
	[Li Hongjun, Li Jun, He Qing. Study on sandstorm trend and abrupt change in Xinjiang[J]. Journal of Desert Research, 2008, 28(5): 915-919.]

指标	沙尘天气			气象要素
指标	年沙尘暴日数/d	年扬沙日数/d	年浮尘日数/d	年均气温/℃	年降水量/mm	年相对湿度/%	当日风速/（m·s^-1）
平均值	0.73	2.67	14.40	8.70	20.40	55.42	3.45
标准差	1.01	3.54	7.37	0.32	6.34	3.30	4.91
变异系数	1.38	1.33	0.51	0.04	0.31	0.06	1.42