全新世以来青藏高原文化遗址时空演变及其驱动

doi:10.13866/j.azr.2019.05.01

干旱区研究 ›› 2019, Vol. 36 ›› Issue (5): 1049-1059.doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2019.05.01

• 泛第三极环境与绿色丝路 • 上一篇下一篇

全新世以来青藏高原文化遗址时空演变及其驱动

金孙梅¹, 侯光良², 许长军³,兰措卓玛¹，李生梅¹

1.青海师范大学地理科学学院, 青海西宁 810008 2.青海师范大学青海省自然地理与环境过程重点实验室，青海西宁810008 3.青海省地理空间信息技术与应用重点实验室，青海西宁 810000

收稿日期:2018-12-18 修回日期:2019-02-06 出版日期:2019-09-15 发布日期:2019-09-11
通讯作者: 侯光良
作者简介:金孙梅(1994-),女,硕士研究生,研究方向为全球变化与人类适应. E-mail：jinsunmei@sina.com
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(41761018)；青海省地理空间信息技术与应用重点实验室基金（2018-006）资助

Spatiotemporal Changes and Driving Factors of Cultural Relicts on the Tibetan Plateau Since the Holocene

JIN Sun-mei¹, HOU Guang-liang², XU Chang-jun³, Lancuo Zhuoma¹, LI Sheng-mei¹

1.College of Geographical Science, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008,Qinghai,China；2.Qinghai Province Key Laboratory of Physical Geography and Environmental Process, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008,Qinghai,China 3.Qinghai Province Key Laboratory of Geospatial Information Technology and Its Application, Xining 810000,Qinghai, China

Received:2018-12-18 Revised:2019-02-06 Online:2019-09-15 Published:2019-09-11

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 青藏高原是全球地理环境最为特殊的区域之一，研究全新世以来青藏高原文化遗址时空演变及其原因，对于理解极端环境下的人类响应与适应具有重要意义。基于ArcGIS空间分析，运用核密度估计、平均最邻近指数和全局空间自相关等地理统计方法，研究了全新世以来青藏高原14 339处文化遗址的时空演变。结果表明：各时期遗址最近邻指数均小于1，全局Moran’s I的取值介于0~1之间，遗址存在正的空间自相关，且属于集聚分布的模式；遗址分布重心经历了由高原腹地（旧石器时期）—东南边缘谷地（新石器时期）—东部地域（青铜器时期以来）的转变；遗址分布形态特征则经历了均匀广布型（旧石器时期）、边缘河谷型（新石器时期）、河谷集聚型（青铜器时期）、退化分散型（吐蕃部落时期）、半月广布型（吐蕃王朝时期）、斑块广布型（元代）、连片集聚型（明清时期）的变化过程；青藏高原各时期遗址时空分布演变是海拔、气候变化、植被等自然环境，以及生产方式、技术、战争、人口迁移、政治政策等社会经济因素共同作用的结果。

关键词: 全新世, 文化遗址, 时空演变, 青藏高原

Abstract:

Based on the ArcGIS spatial analysis, in this paper the geostatistical methods including the kernel density estimation, average nearest neighbor index and global spatial autocorrelation were used to study the spatiotemporal evolution of 14 339 ancient cultural relics and the affecting factors on the Tibetan Plateau since the Holocene. The results showed that the nearest neighbor index of each ancient cultural relic was less than 1. The value of the global Moran’s I was between 0 and 1, there was a positive spatial autocorrelation of the ancient cultural relics, and the ancient cultural relics were distributed in an agglomeration way. The distribution core of the ancient cultural relics experienced a transition from the plateau hinterland (the Paleolithic period) to the southeastern marginal valley (the Neolithic period) and to the eastern region (after the Bronze Age). The morphological characteristics of the ancient cultural relics experienced a uniform distribution (the Paleolithic period), the marginal valley type (the Neolithic period), the valley agglomeration type (bronze period), the degraded dispersion type (the Tibetan regime tribe period), and the half-moon widespread type (the Tubo Dynasty period), the plaque-type (the Yuan Dynasty), and the contiguous cluster (the Ming and Qing dynasties) changes. The spatiotemporal distribution of the ancient cultural relics on the Tibetan Plateau was the result jointly affected by the altitude, climate change, changes of vegetation and other natural conditions, and production mode, technology, war, population migration, political policies, etc.

Key words: Holocene, ancient cultural relic, spatiotemporal change, Tibetan Plateau

金孙梅, 侯光良, 许长军, 兰措卓玛, 李生梅.

全新世以来青藏高原文化遗址时空演变及其驱动 [J]. 干旱区研究, 2019, 36(5): 1049-1059.

JIN Sun-mei, HOU Guang-liang, XU Chang-jun, Lancuo Zhuoma, LI Sheng-mei.

Spatiotemporal Changes and Driving Factors of Cultural Relicts on the Tibetan Plateau Since the Holocene [J]. Arid Zone Research, 2019, 36(5): 1049-1059.

参考文献 48

[1]	李开封,朱诚,王鑫浩,等.旧石器时代至商周时期贵州遗址空间分布及其自然环境背景 [J].地理学报,2013,68(1):58-68. [Li Kaifeng,Zhu Cheng,Wang Xinhao,et al.The archaeological sites distribution and its relationship with physical environment from around 260 ka BP to 221 BC in Guizhou Province [J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2013,68(1):58-68.]
[2]	安成邦,王琳,吉笃学,等.甘青文化区新石器文化的时空变化和可能的环境动力 [J].第四纪研究,2006,26(6):923-927. [An Chengbang,Wang Lin,Ji Duxue,et al.Temporal and spatial changes of Neolithic culture in Gansu-Qinghai region possible environmental forcing [J].Quaternary Research,2006,26(6):923-927.]
[3]	侯光良,许长军,曹广超,等.青藏高原末次冰消期—全新世中期人类扩张的时空模拟 [J].第四纪研究,2017,37(4):709-720. [Hou Guangliang,Xu Changjun,Cao Guangchao,et al.The spatialtemporal simulation of mankind’s expansion on the Tibetan Plateau during Last DeglaciationMiddle Holocene [J].Quaternary Research,2017,37(4):709-720.]
[4]	崔一付,刘雨嘉,马敏敏.青藏高原东北部官亭盆地新石器—青铜时代聚落时空演变及其影响因素 [J].中国科学:地球科学,2018,48(2):152-164. [Cui Yifu,Liu Yujia,Ma Minmin.Spatiotemporal evolution of prehistoric NeolithicBronze Age settlements and influencing factors in the Guanting Basin,Northeast Tibetan Plateau [J].Science China Earth Sciences,2018,48(2):152-164.]
[5]	Dong Guanghui,Jia Xin,An Chengbang.MidHolocene climate change and its effect on prehistoric cultural evolution in Eastern Qinghai Province,China [J].Quaternary Research,2012,77:23-30.]
[6]	Chen Fahu,Wu Duo,Chen Jianhui,et al.Holocene moisture and East Asian summer monsoon evolution in the Northeastern Tibetan Plateau recorded by Lake Qinghai and its environs:A review of conflicting proxies [J].Quaternary Science Reviews,2016,5(24):111-129.
[7]	谢传礼,赵泉鸿.末次盛冰期中国海古地理轮廓及其气候效应 [J].第四纪研究,1996,16(1):1-10. [Xie Chuanli,Zhao Quanhong.The paleogeographic configuration of China seas and its climatic influence during the last glacial maximum [J].Quaternary Research,1996,16(1):1-10.]
[8]	Rudolph K,Stefan K.Climate-controlled holocene occupation in the Sahara: Motor of Africa’s evolution [J].Science,2006,313:1 243-1 247.
[9]	Chen Fahu,Dong Guanghui,Zhang Dongju,et al.Agriculture facilitated permanent human occupation of the Tibetan Plateau after 3 600 B.P. [J].Science,2015,347:248-250.
[10]	马敏敏,董广辉,贾鑫,等.青海省化隆县新石器—青铜时代聚落形态及其影响因素分析 [J].第四纪研究,2012,32(3):209-218. [Ma Minmin,Dong Guanghui,Jia Xin,et al.Analysis of settlement patterns during Neolithic and Bronze period and its influencing factors in Hualong County,Qinghai Province,China [J].Quaternary Research,2012,32(3):209-218.]
[11]	黄春长,郭永强,张玉柱,等.青海官亭盆地喇家遗址全新世地层序列与史前灾难研究 [J].中国科学:地球科学,2018,49(2):434-455. [Huang Chunchang,Guo Yongqiang,Zhang Yuzhu,et al.Holocene sedimentary stratigraphy and pre-historical catastrophes over the Lajia Ruins within the Guanting Basin in Qinghai Province of China [J].Scientia Sinica Terrae,2018,49(2):434-455.]
[12]	全球变化科学研究数据出版系统（http://www.geodoi.ac.cn/doi.aspx?doi=10.3974/ geodb.2014.01.12.v1） [Global Change Science Research Data Publishing System（http://www.geodoi.ac.cn/doi.aspx?doi=10.3974/ geodb.2014.01.12.v1)]
[13]	Lu Houyuan,Wu Naiqin,Liu Kambiu,et al.Modern pollen distributions in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and the development of transfer functions for reconstructing Holocene environmental changes [J].Quaternary Science Reviews,2011,30(12):947-966.
[14]	张东菊,董广辉,王辉,等.史前人类向青藏高原扩散的历史过程和可能驱动机制 [J].中国科学:地球科学,2016,46(8):1 007-1 023. [Zhang Dongju,Dong Guanghui,Wang Hui,et al.Historical process and possible driving mechanism of prehistoric human beings spreading to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau [J].Scientia Sinica Terrae,2016,46(8):1 007-1 023.]
[15]	Yi Xie,Liang Yongye,HuertaSanchez E,et al.Sequencing of 50 human exomes reveals adaptation to high altitude [J].Science,2010,329(12):75-78.
[16]	汤惠生,周春林,李一全,等.青海昆仑山山口发现的细石器考古新材料 [J].科学通报,2013,58(3):247-253. [Tang Huisheng,Zhou Chunlin,Li Yiquan,et al.A new discovery of microlithic information at the entrance to the Northern Qingzang Plateau of the Kunlun Mountains of Qinghai [J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2013,58(3):247-253.]
[17]	黄姣,高阳,赵志强,等.基于GIS与 SOFM 网络的中国综合自然区划 [J].地理研究,2011,30(9):1 649-1 653. [Huang Jiao,Gao Yang,Zhao Zhiqiang,et al.Comprehensive physiographic regionalization of China using GIS and SOFM neural network [J].Geographic Research,2011,30(9):1 649-1 653.]
[18]	国家文物局.中国文物地图集:青海分册 [M].北京:中国地图出版社,1996. [National Cultural Relics Bureau.Chinese Cultural Relics Atlas:Qinghai Section [M].Beijing:China Map Publishing House,1996.]
[19]	国家文物局.中国文物地图集:云南分册 [M].昆明:云南科技出版社,2001. [National Cultural Relics Bureau.Chinese Cultural Relics Atlas:Yunnan Branch [M].Kunming:Yunnan Science and Technology Press,2001.]
[20]	国家文物局.中国文物地图集:四川分册 [M].北京:文物出版社,2009. [National Cultural Relics Bureau.Chinese Cultural Relics Atlas:Sichuan Volume [M].Beijing:Cultural Relics Publishing House,2009.]
[21]	国家文物局.中国文物地图集:西藏自治区分册 [M].北京:文物出版社,2010. [National Cultural Relics Bureau.Chinese Cultural Atlas:Tibet Autonomy Book [M].Beijing:Cultural Relics Publishing House,2010.]
[22]	国家文物局.中国文物地图集:新疆维吾尔自治区分册 [M].北京:文物出版社,2012. [National Cultural Relics Bureau.Chinese Cultural Relics Atlas:Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region [M].Beijing:Cultural Relics Publishing House,2012.]
[23]	谢端琚.甘青地区史前考古 [M].北京:文物出版社,2002. [Xie Duanju.Prehistoric Archaeology in Ganqing Area [M].Beijing:Cultural Relics Publishing House,2002.]
[24]	张德二,李红春,顾德隆,等.从降水的时空特征检证季风与中国朝代更替之关联 [J].科学通报,2010,55(1):60-67. [Zhang De’er,Li Hongchun,Gu Delong,et al.On linking climate to Chinese dynastic change:Spatial and temporal variations of monsoonal rain [J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2010,55(1):60-67.]
[25]	侯光良,魏海成,鄂崇毅,等.青藏高原东北缘全新世人类活动与环境变化——以青海湖江西沟2号遗迹为例 [J].地理学报,2013,68(3):380-388. [Hou Guangliang,Wei Haicheng,E Chongyi,et al.Human activities and environmental change in Holocene in the northeastern margin of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau:A case study of JXG2 relic site in Qinghai Lake [J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2013,68(3):380-388.]
[26]	毕硕本,万蕾,沈香,等.郑洛地区史前聚落分布特征的空间自相关分析 [J].测绘科学,2018,43(5):88-93. [Bi Shuoben,Wan Lei,Shen Xiang,et al.The spatial autocorrelation analysis for spatial distribution of prehistoric settlements in ZhengzhouLuoyang area [J].Surveying Science,2018,43(5):88-93.]
[27]	杨阳,侯光良,孙璐,等.青藏高原东北缘河谷地带史前聚落空间分布模式 [J].干旱区资源与环境,2016,30(5):59-64. [Yang Yang,Hou Guangliang,Sun Lu,et al.The spatial distribution patterns of prehistoric settlement of river valley in the Northeast of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau [J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2016,30(5):59-64.]
[28]	朱燕,侯光良,兰措卓玛,等.基于GIS的青藏高原史前交通路线与分区分析 [J].地理科学进展,2018,37(3):438-499. [Zhu Yan,Hou Guangliang,Lancuo Zhuoma,et al.GISbased analysis of traffic routes and regional division of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau in prehistoric period [J].Progress in Geography,2018,37(3):438-449.]
[29]	冯佰香,李加林,何改丽,等.农村居民点时空变化特征及驱动力分析——以宁波市北仑区为例 [J].生态学杂志,2018,37(2):523-533. [Feng Baixiang,Li Jialin,He Gaili,et al.Spatial-temporal changes and driving forces of rural settlements:A case study of Beilun District,Ningbo [J].Journal of Ecology,2018,37(2):523-533.]
[30]	魏晓峰,吴健平.基于ArcGIS的空间自相关分析模块的开发与应用 [J].测绘与空间地理信息,2005,28(6):78-81. [Wei Xiaofeng,Wu Jianping.The development and application of spatial autocorrelation based on ArcGIS [J].Geomatics & Spatial Information Technology,2005,28(6):78-81.]
[31]	侯光良.青藏高原的史前人类活动 [J].盐湖研究,2016,24(2):69-73. [Hou Guangliang.The prehistoric human activities on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau [J].Salt Lake Research,2016,24(2):69-73.]
[32]	李潮流,康世昌.青藏高原不同时段气候变化的研究综述 [J].地理学报,2006,61(3):327-335. [Li Chaoliu,Kang Shichang.A summary of studies on climate change in different periods of the Tibetan Plateau [J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2006,61(3):327-335.]
[33]	Wu Yanhong,Andreas Lücke,Jin Zhangdong,et al.Holocene climate development on the central Tibetan Plateau:A sedimentary record from Cuo E Lake [J].Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecol,2006,234(4):328-340.
[34]	高春亮,余俊清,闵秀云,等.末次冰消期以来中国湖泊沉积记录的古气候演化及其驱动机制研究 [J].盐湖研究,2017,25(2):77-84. [Gao Chunliang,Yu Junqing,Yan Xiuyun,et al.The study on paleoclimatic evolution and driving mechanisms since the Last Deglaciation recorded by lacustrine sediments in China [J].Salt Lake Research,2017,25(2):77-84.]
[35]	Carolyn A,Dykoski R Lawrence Edwards,Cheng Hai,et al.A highresolution,absolute dated Holocene and deglacial Asian monsoon record from Dongge Cave,China [J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2005,233:71-86.
[36]	Shen Jianbo,Liu Xiqin.Palaeoclimatic changes in the Qinghai Lake area during the last 18 000 years [J].Quaternary International,2005,136:131-140. 
[37]	An Zhisheng,Steven M Colman,Zhou Weijian,et al.Interplay between the Westerlies and Asian monsoon recorded in Lake Qinghai sediments since 32 ka [J].Scientific Report,2012,2:619.DOI:10.1038/srep00619.
[38]	Li Jianyong,John Dodson,Yan Hong,et al.Quantitative precipitation estimates for the Northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau over the last 18 000 years [J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,2017,122(10):5 132-5 143.
[39]	仪明洁,高星,张晓凌,等.青藏高原边缘地区史前遗址2009年调查试掘报告 [J].人类学学报,2011,30(2):124-136. [Yi Mingjie,Gao Xing,Zhang Xiaoling,et al.A preliminary report on investigations in 2009 of some prehistoric sites in the Tibetan Plateau marginal region [J].Journal of Anthropology,2011,30(2):124-136.]
[40]	谢端琚.甘青地区史前考古 [M].北京:文物出版社,2002. [Xie Duanju.Prehistoric Archaeology in Ganqing Area [M].Beijing:Cultural Relics Publishing House,2002.]
[41]	王辉.甘青地区新石器—青铜时代考古学文化的谱系与格局 [M].北京:文物出版社,2012. [Wang Hui.The Pedigree and Pattern of the NeolithicBronze Age Archaeological Culture in Gansu Area [M].Beijing:Cultural Relics Publishing House,2012.]
[42]	侯光良,方修琦.中国全新世分区气温序列集成重建及特征分析 [J].古地理学报,2012,14(2):243-252. [Hou Guangliang,Fang Xiuqi.Characteristics analysis and synthetical reconstruction of regional temperature series of the Holocene in China [J].Journal of Palaeogeography,2012,14(2):243-252.]
[43]	吴海斌,李琴,于严严,等.全新世中期中国气候格局定量重建 [J].第四纪研究,2017,37(5):982-998. [Wu Haibin,Li Qin,Yu Yanyan,et al.Quantitative climate reconstruction in China during the MidHolocene [J].Quaternary Research,2017,37(5):982-998.]
[44]	易华.齐家华夏说 [M].兰州：甘肃人民出版社,2014. [Yi Hua.Qijia Huaxia Legend [M].Lanzhou:Gansu People’s Press,2014.] 
[45]	张山佳,董广辉.青藏高原东北部青铜时代中晚期人类对不同海拔环境的适应策略探讨 [J].第四纪研究,2017,37(4):696-703. [Zhang Shanjia,Dong Guanghui.Human adaptation strategies to different altitude environment during midlate bronze age in the Northeast Tibetan Plateau [J].Quaternary Research,2017,37(4):696-703.] 
[46]	杨周相.吐蕃王朝前西藏社会发展研究 [J].黑龙江史志,2014,17(4):188-190. [Yang Zhouxiang.Study on the social development of Tibet before the Tubo Dynasty [J].Heilongjiang History,2014,17(4):188-190.]
[47]	葛全胜,刘健,方修琦,等.过去2 000年冷暖变化的基本特征与主要暖期 [J].地理学报,2013,68(5):579-592. [Ge Quansheng,Liu Jian,Fang Xiuqi,et al.General characteristics of temperature change and centennial warm periods during the past 2 000 years [J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2013,68(5):579-592.]
[48]	侯光良,许长军.过去2 000年来青藏高原气温变化及对人类活动的影响 [J].青海师范大学学报（自然科学版）,2016,3(12):56-62. [Hou Guangliang,Xu Changjun.The temperature change and its influence for human movement of the Tibet Plateau over the past 2 000 years [J].Journal of Qinghai Normal University (Natural Science Edition),2016,3(12):56-62.]

全新世以来青藏高原文化遗址时空演变及其驱动

Spatiotemporal Changes and Driving Factors of Cultural Relicts on the Tibetan Plateau Since the Holocene

PDF (PC)

赞

可视化

摘要/Abstract

引用本文

使用本文

参考文献 48

相关文章 15

Metrics

本文评价

推荐阅读 0

[1]	申红艳, 温婷婷, 赵仙荣, 冯晓莉. 基于多模式的青藏高原前冬降水预测性能评估[J]. 干旱区研究, 2023, 40(7): 1027-1039.
[2]	关宇淇, 李广, 潘雪, 徐国荣, 魏星星, 刘昊, 吴江琪. 降雨频率对甘南尕海湿草甸土壤碳氮磷化学计量特征的影响[J]. 干旱区研究, 2023, 40(6): 916-925.
[3]	邹易, 蒙吉军. 干旱区绿洲-城镇-荒漠景观演变及生态环境效应[J]. 干旱区研究, 2023, 40(6): 988-1001.
[4]	吴玥葶, 郭利丹, 井沛然, 黄峰, 王浩轩. 中亚五国水-能源-粮食-生态耦合关系及时空分异[J]. 干旱区研究, 2023, 40(4): 573-582.
[5]	王鹏, 秦思彤, 胡慧蓉. 近30 a拉萨河流域土地利用变化和生境质量的时空演变特征[J]. 干旱区研究, 2023, 40(3): 492-503.
[6]	黄莹, 王素艳, 马阳, 王岱, 张雯, 王璠. 宁夏近60 a寒潮变化特征及其环流异常[J]. 干旱区研究, 2023, 40(11): 1718-1728.
[7]	张志高, 孙梓欣, 张秀丽, 郭可欣, 李卓娅, 郝海姣, 蔡茂堂. 1960—2020年黄河流域气候生长季时空演变及成因分析[J]. 干旱区研究, 2023, 40(10): 1537-1546.
[8]	党慧, 荣丽华, 李伊彤, 赵名君. 农牧交错区三生空间时空演变特征与影响因素——以内蒙古呼和浩特市为例[J]. 干旱区研究, 2023, 40(10): 1698-1706.
[9]	张东良. 全新世西风模态下中亚干旱区孢粉类型多样性变化特征——以阿尔泰山为例[J]. 干旱区研究, 2022, 39(3): 667-675.
[10]	温婷婷,郭英香,董少睿,东元祯,来晓玲. 1979—2017年CRU、ERA5、CMFD格点降水数据在青藏高原适用性评估[J]. 干旱区研究, 2022, 39(3): 684-697.
[11]	侯青青,陈英,裴婷婷,吉珍霞,谢保鹏. 近25 a来甘肃省耕地资源时空变化及其影响因子[J]. 干旱区研究, 2022, 39(3): 955-967.
[12]	张君霞,孔祥伟,刘新伟,王勇. 青藏高原东北侧暴雨数值模式预报空间误差特征[J]. 干旱区研究, 2022, 39(1): 64-74.
[13]	曾红霞,赵成章,王毓芳,李晓雅,赵婷婷,唐玉瑞. 盐池湾高寒湿地景观格局演变及其影响因素[J]. 干旱区研究, 2021, 38(6): 1771-1781.
[14]	席文涛,高晶. 基于地理探测器分析青藏高原降水δ¹⁸O空间分异特征[J]. 干旱区研究, 2021, 38(5): 1199-1206.
[15]	邹磊,余江游,王飞宇,张彦. 渭河流域极端降水时空演变规律及其对大气环流因子的响应[J]. 干旱区研究, 2021, 38(3): 764-774.