新疆草地生态系统健康评价体系构建

doi:10.13866/j.azr.2022.01.26

Abstract

Abstract:

The evaluation of the health of grasslands (an important terrestrial ecosystem) is a crucial part of grassland health research, especially in arid regions. The grasslands of Xinjiang, an arid region in Central Asia, show a distinct variation in vertical zonality because of its special geographical environment. Particularly, the differences in hydrothermal combination at each geographical location (latitude, longitude, and altitude) have resulted in a rich variety of grasslands. Therefore, assessing the health of Xinjiang grasslands is a systematic and complex task. In this study, we constructed an overall framework, including data sources and evaluation methods, for evaluating the ecosystem health of Xinjiang grasslands. An ecological geographic database of these grassland ecosystems was designed based on grassland quadrats, biometeorology, and multi-source remote sensing data that together form the data basis for grassland health evaluation. The steps in the grassland health evaluation method are as follows: Defining the evaluation objective, determining the evaluation area and reference system, filtering evaluation indicators, and finally selecting the specific method for performing grassland health evaluation. The objective of evaluation contains biological and non-biological components, as well as ecosystem services of grassland ecosystem. The evaluation area is often based on administrative divisions, grassland types, and grassland divisions. The reference system is a stable state achieved by maintaining balance with the local climate. The recommended evaluation methods include the analytic hierarchy process, vigor-organization-resilience, condition-organization-vigor-resilience, and pressure-state-response. The evaluation results were divided into health, sub-health, vigilance, and collapse based on the quarter method. This grassland health evaluation was validated in Minfeng County, Hotan Prefecture, Xinjiang. The research area, Minfeng County, is located at the northern foot of the Kunlun Mountains and the southern edge of the Taklimakan Desert. The temperate desert grassland of Minfeng County primarily contains Seriphidium rhodanthum, Ceratoides latens, Reaumuria soongarica, and Ephedra intermedia. The objective of evaluation was based on the biological components of grassland ecosystems. Our results showed that the temperate desert grasslands within the fenced area were in a healthy state, but those outside the exclosure were in sub-healthy state. Thus, we gave a further explanation for healthy and sub-healthy state in the verification area. By constructing this grassland ecosystem health evaluation system for Xinjiang, we hope to provide a reference for the local management of grasslands, with the goal of fostering ecological health of these systems and promoting the sustainable development of grassland areas in Xinjiang.

Key words: grassland, grassland ecosystem, health assessment, remote sense, geographic information system, Xinjiang

CHEN Chunbo,PENG Jian,LI Gangyong. Evaluating ecosystem health in the grasslands of Xinjiang[J].Arid Zone Research, 2022, 39(1): 270-281.

Figures/Tables 10

Tab. 1

Tab. 2

Tab. 3

Administrative divisions of Xinjiang"

地、州、市名称	市、县(市辖区)名称
乌鲁木齐市	天山区、沙依巴克区、高新区(新市区)、水磨沟区、经济技术开发区(头屯河区)、达坂城区、米东区、乌鲁木齐县
克拉玛依市	克拉玛依区、独山子区、白碱滩区、乌尔禾区
吐鲁番市	高昌区、鄯善县、托克逊县
哈密市	伊州区、巴里坤哈萨克自治县、伊吾县
昌吉回族自治州	昌吉市、阜康市、呼图壁县、玛纳斯县、奇台县、吉木萨尔县、木垒哈萨克自治县
伊犁哈萨克自治州	伊犁州直属县(市)：伊宁市、奎屯市、伊宁县、察布查尔锡伯自治县、霍城县、巩留县、新源县、昭苏县、特克斯县、尼勒克县、霍尔果斯市
	塔城地区：塔城市、乌苏市、额敏县、沙湾县、托里县、裕民县、和布克赛尔蒙古自治县
	阿勒泰地区：阿勒泰市、布尔津县、富蕴县、福海县、哈巴河县、青河县、吉木乃县
博尔塔拉蒙古自治州	博乐市、精河县、温泉县、阿拉山口市
巴音郭楞蒙古自治州	库尔勒市、轮台县、尉犁县、若羌县、且末县、焉耆回族自治县、和静县、和硕县、博湖县
阿克苏地区	阿克苏市、温宿县、库车县、沙雅县、新和县、拜城县、乌什县、阿瓦提县、柯坪县
克孜勒苏柯尔克孜自治州	阿图什市、阿克陶县、阿合奇县、乌恰县
喀什地区	喀什市、疏附县、疏勒县、英吉沙县、泽普县、莎车县、叶城县、麦盖提县、岳普湖县、伽师县、巴楚县、塔什库尔干塔吉克自治县
和田地区	和田市、和田县、墨玉县、皮山县、洛浦县、策勒县、于田县、民丰县
自治区直辖县级市	石河子市、阿拉尔市、图木舒克市、五家渠市、北屯市、铁门关市、双河市、昆玉市

Tab. 3

Tab. 4

Grassland classification in Xinjiang"

类	亚类	组	型	优势种植物识别
温性草甸草原类	山地温性草甸草原亚类	7	31	早熟禾、紫花鸢尾、草原苔草、万年蒿、草原糙苏、新疆亚菊、杂类草等
温性草原类	山地温性草原亚类	7	57	羊茅、冷蒿、冰草、杂类草等
温性荒漠草原类	平原、丘陵温性荒漠草原亚类	5	8	糙隐子草、多根葱、针茅等
温性荒漠草原类	山地温性荒漠草原亚类	7	72	沙生针茅、高山绢蒿、灌木亚菊、合头草、驼绒藜、锦鸡儿、阿拉善鹅观草、猪毛菜等
高寒草原类	高寒草原亚类	6	34	紫花针茅、寒生羊茅、新疆银穗草、帕米尔委陵菜、多叶棘豆等
高寒草原类	高寒荒漠草原亚类	2	8	短花针茅、高山绢蒿、寒生羊茅、垫状驼绒藜等
温性草原化荒漠类	沙砾质温性草原化荒漠亚类	6	35	绢蒿、驼绒藜、小针茅、琵琶柴、小蓬等
	土质温性草原化荒漠亚类	2	5	高山绢蒿、猪毛菜、沙生针茅、小禾草类等
	砾石质温性草原化荒漠亚类	4	9	戈壁针茅、喀什菊、灌木亚菊、紫宛木等
温性荒漠类	沙质温性荒漠亚类	9	35	沙蒿、驼绒藜、羽状三芒草等
	砾沙质温性荒漠亚类	7	58	白茎绢蒿、驼绒藜、小蓬、东方猪毛菜、琵琶柴等
	砾石质温性荒漠亚类	7	42	新疆绢蒿、合头草、琵琶柴、圆叶盐爪爪、锦鸡儿等
	土质温性荒漠亚类	10	39	高山绢蒿、合头草、驼绒藜、猪毛莱、琵琶柴等
	盐土温性荒漠亚类	4	12	盐节木、盐爪爪、盐穗木等
高寒荒漠类	高原高寒荒漠亚类	3	4	高山绢蒿、驼绒藜等
高寒荒漠类	高原高寒草原化荒漠亚类	1	2	垫状驼绒藜、藏亚菊等
低平地草甸类	水泛地草甸亚类	5	17	芦苇、拂子茅、布顿大麦等
	低地盐生草甸亚类	14	71	芦苇、小獐茅、花花柴、盐爪爪、马蔺、甘草、骆驼刺、胡杨等
	低地沼泽化草甸亚类	2	5	芦苇、华扁穗草等
山地草甸类	山地草甸亚类	7	68	无芒雀麦、鸭茅、草地早熟禾、看麦娘、糙苏、紫花鸢尾、杂类草等
山地草甸类	亚高山草甸类	5	14	三界羊茅、天山羽衣草、珠芽蓼、杂类草等
高寒草甸类	高山高寒草甸亚类	5	43	高山早熟禾、线叶嵩草、细果苔草、珠芽蓼等
高寒草甸类	低地高寒沼泽化草甸亚类	3	10	短柱苔草、芦苇、赖草、苔草等
沼泽类	低位沼泽亚类	2	7	芦苇、香蒲、镳草、牛毛毡等
沼泽类	高位沼泽亚类	1	1	柄囊苔草等

Tab. 4

Tab. 5

Tab. 6

Tab. 7

Fig. 1

Tab. 8

Fig. 2

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卫星平台	卫星编号	传感器	空间分辨率/m			数据有效时段
卫星平台	卫星编号	传感器	多光谱波段	热红外波段	全色波段	数据有效时段
Landsat	1	MSS	78	-	-	1972-07—1978-01 1975-01—1983-07 1978-03—1983-09
	2
	3
	4	MSS	78	-	-	1982-07—1993-12 1984-03—2013-01
	5	TM	30	120	60	1982-07—1993-12 1984-03—2013-01
	7	ETM+	30	60	15	1999-04—至今
	8	OLI/TIRS	30	100	15	2013-02—至今

MODIS	产品分类	产品名称	产品编号	空间分辨率	时间分辨率
陆地标准产品	MOD09	地表反射率	MOD09A1	500 m	8 d
			MOD09Q1	250 m	8 d
			MOD09GA	1000 m、500 m	1 d
			MOD09GQ	250 m
			MOD09CMG	5000 m
	MOD11	地表发射率	MOD11A1	1000 m	1 d
			MOD11A2	1000 m	8 d
			MOD11B1	6000 m	1 d
			MOD11_L2	1000 m	1 d
	MOD12	土地覆被	MOD12Q1	500 m	年
			MOD12C1	0.05°
			MOD12Q2	1000 m
	MOD13	植被指数	MOD13Q1	250 m	16 d
			MOD13A1	500 m
			MOD13A2	1000 m
			MOD13C1	0.05°
			MOD13A3	1000 m	月
			MOD13C2	0.05°	月
	MOD15	叶面积指数	MOD15A2GFS	1000 m	8 d
	MOD15	叶面积指数	MOD15A2PHN	1000 m	年
	MOD16	蒸散发	MOD16A2	500 m	8 d
	MOD16	蒸散发	MOD16A3	500 m	年
	MOD17	初级生产力	MOD17A2	1000 m	8 d
	MOD17	初级生产力	MOD17A3	1000 m	年
	MOD44	植被变化	MOD44B	250 m	年

区划分区	亚区	分区
北疆温性荒漠-山地草地区	阿尔泰山-准格尔盆地北部草地畜牧业亚区	吉木乃分区、哈巴河-富蕴分区、青河-北塔山分区
	准噶尔西部山地草地畜牧业亚区	塔城分区
	天山北坡西端山地与谷地草地畜牧业亚区	昭苏-尼勒克分区、伊宁-霍城分区、博乐分区
	天山北坡中段山地-准噶尔盆地南缘草地畜牧业亚区	昭苏-乌鲁木齐分区、米泉-木垒分区
	天山北坡东段山间盆地草地畜牧业亚区	巴里坤-伊吾分区
	准噶尔盆地南部绿洲草地-农区养畜亚区	奎屯-石河子分区
南疆暖温荒漠-山地草地区	天山南坡东段-山间盆地草地畜牧业亚区	哈密分区、吐-鄯-托分区
	天山南坡中段高山盆地草地畜牧业亚区	巴音布鲁克分区
	天山南坡中段山间盆地草地-农田畜牧业亚区	巴仑台-焉耆分区
	天山南坡山地草地-农田畜牧业亚区	轮台-温宿分区、乌什-乌恰分区
	塔里木盆地绿洲边缘草地-农田养畜亚区	库尔勒-尉犁分区、沙雅-坷坪分区、巴楚-泽普分区
	帕米尔高原草地畜牧业亚区	塔什库尔干-阿克陶分区
	昆仑山、阿尔金山-塔里木南缘草地畜牧业亚区	叶城皮山分区、墨玉-于田分区、民丰分区、且末-若羌分区

准则层	次准则层	因子层
生物特征指标	群落状况	地上生物量、地下生物量、产草量（牲畜可食用部分）、优良牧草、杂草比列、植被覆盖度、凋落物量、多样性（或丰富度）
	种群状况	优势种、稀有种、关键种、建群种与侵入种的数量、密度（绝对密度或相对密度）、空间格局（均匀性、随机型与成群型）与年龄结构
	个体状况	植被高度、植物适口性、营养价值与干物质积累
生物物理指标	水文状况	水流痕迹、细沟、切沟与凋落物移动
	土壤状况	土壤有机质、土壤容重（即土壤紧实度）、土壤温度、土壤水分、土壤全氮、草皮层厚度、裸地比重与风蚀情况
	气候状况	辐射、光照、气温（年均温、月均温）、降水与风向、风速
	干扰状况	鼠洞密度、虫口密度、放牧强度、毒草密度、杂草蔓延密度与火灾
生态功能（生态服务功能）	生产功能	牧草生产、养分循环与贮存
	调节功能	固碳释氧、土壤碳储、气候调节、水源涵养、土壤形成、养分循环、侵蚀控制（土壤保持量）、废物处理（降解）、滞留沙尘与维持生物多样性
	支持功能	物种栖息地（提供生境）、维持遗传多样性
	文化功能	游憩娱乐、美学、文化传承与休闲旅游

评价方法（模型）	评价区域	数据获取
VOR评价体系模型	内蒙古阿拉善左旗^[16]、锡林郭勒盟南部太仆寺旗^[4]、锡林郭勒高原和呼伦贝尔高原典型草原区^[20],宁夏盐池县^[21],青海玛沁县^[22]	样地采样
COVR指数评价体系模型	新疆巴音布鲁克草原^[10],宁夏盐池县^[21,23],内蒙古锡林郭勒盟南部太仆寺旗^[4],内蒙古锡林郭勒盟^[24],甘肃省肃南裕固族自治县^[25]	样地采样
PSR评价模型	甘肃甘南藏族自治州^[26],新疆艾比湖流域^[9],内蒙古察哈尔右中旗^[27],内蒙古锡林郭勒盟^[28],四川若尔盖县^[29]	MOD13Q1与MOD12Q1产品,Landsat影像数据,SPOT影像,低空无人机数据,气候数据
层次分析法	青海省河南蒙古族自治县^[30],甘肃甘南藏族自治州^[31]	统计年鉴、样地采样
主成分分析法	新疆昭苏^[32]	样地采样
模糊综合评价法	宁夏云雾山草原自然保护区^[33,34]	样地野外调查
聚类分析法	青海省玉树县^[35],青海省^[36],内蒙古呼伦贝尔^[37]	样地采样

Evaluating ecosystem health in the grasslands of Xinjiang

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样地编号	经度	纬度	海拔/m	建群种	样地描述
P₁	82°59′38.510″E	36°39′52.790″N	2501	高山绢蒿+驼绒藜 (Seriphidium rhodanthum+Ceratoides latens)	围栏
P₂	82°59′45.750″E	36°39′52.370″N	2504	高山绢蒿+驼绒藜 (Seriphidium rhodanthum+Ceratoides latens)	无围栏,自然放牧
P₃	82°59′49.990″E	36°38′39.080″N	2632	高山绢蒿+驼绒藜 (Seriphidium rhodanthum+Ceratoides latens)	围栏
P₄	82°59′46.300″E	36°38′41.690″N	2639	高山绢蒿+驼绒藜 (Seriphidium rhodanthum+Ceratoides latens)	无围栏,自然放牧

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