河套灌区西部土壤盐渍化分异特征及其主控因素

doi:10.13866/j.azr.2022.03.25

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

由于长期引黄灌溉,河套灌区土壤广泛次生盐渍化,严重影响了区域经济和生态良性发展。通过对河套灌区西部临河区土壤盐渍化现状进行系统调查分析,查明了研究区内土壤盐渍化程度、类型及其分布特征,讨论了区域土壤盐渍化的主要影响因素和成因。结果表明：（1）研究区内50%以上的土壤发生了不同程度次生盐渍化,呈斑块状分布,北部及东南部土壤盐渍化较严重,尤其是总干渠和黄济渠两侧的洼地;土壤主要盐分类型为SO₄-Na和SO₄·Cl-Na型。（2）研究区浅层地下水的总溶解固体（TDS）含量平均值为2.13 g·L^-1,属于微咸水,平均水位埋深为4.65 m,65%的调查点埋深小于3 m。（3）长期地表漫灌和冬季压盐引起的地下水位抬升和强烈的蒸发浓缩作用是形成高TDS地下水的直接原因,而较高的地下水盐度、浅层地下水位抬升和强烈的潜水蒸发引起的盐分上升是冲积平原土壤盐渍化的主要控制因素。

关键词: 土壤盐渍化, 地下水位, 含盐量, 成因机理, 灌溉, 河套灌区

Abstract:

As a result of long-term irrigation from the Yellow River, the Hetao Irrigation Area has experienced extensive soil secondary salinization, which seriously affects the development of the regional economy and ecology. The degree, type, and distribution characteristics of soil salinization in the western Hetao Irrigation Area, and the main factors affecting soil salinization are investigated. Results show that more than 50% of the soil samples in the study area were salinized to varying degrees, which is distributed in patches and blocks. The degree of soil salinization in the north and southeast was serious than that of other parts of the study area, especially in the depressions along the Main canal and Huangji canal. The main types of soil salinity were SO₄-Na and SO₄·Cl-Na. The average total dissolved solids (TDS) of groundwater in the study area was 2.13 g∙L^-1, which is classified as brackish water. The average buried depth of groundwater level is 4.65 m, and 65% of the sampled wells were less than 3 m. High TDS groundwater, which is resulted from long-term flood irrigation and strong evaporation, is the direct cause of soil salinization. The main factors affecting soil salinization in alluvial plains include the elevated salinity of groundwater, shallow groundwater levels caused by agricultural irrigation, and strong evaporation of phreatic water.

Key words: soil salinization, groundwater level, salt content, formation mechanism, flood irrigation, Hetao Irrigation Area

苏春利,纪倩楠,陶彦臻,谢先军,潘洪捷. 河套灌区西部土壤盐渍化分异特征及其主控因素[J]. 干旱区研究, 2022, 39(3): 916-923.

SU Chunli,JI Qiannan,TAO Yanzhen,XIE Xianjun,PAN Hongjie. Differentiation characteristics and main influencing factors of soil salinization in the West of Hetao Irrigation Area[J]. Arid Zone Research, 2022, 39(3): 916-923.

图/表 10

图1

图2

表1

图3

表2

土壤盐渍化分级标准"

按盐分含量划分		按Cl^-/ $S O 4 2 -$ 划分
土壤含盐总量(干土重%)	土壤盐渍化程度	Cl^-/ $S O 4 2 -$	土壤盐渍化类型
<0.3	非盐渍土	<0.2	硫酸盐
0.3~0.5	弱盐渍土	0.2~1.0	氯化-硫酸盐
0.5~1.0	中盐渍土	1.0-2.0	硫酸-氯化盐
1.0~2.0	强盐渍土	>2	氯盐
>2.0	盐土

表2

表3

研究区表层土壤盐分含量及组成"

变量	pH	表层土壤（0~20 cm）/%	Ca²⁺ /%	K⁺ /%	Mg²⁺ /%	Na⁺ /%	Cl^- /%	$S O 4 2 -$ /%	$C O 3 2 -$ /%	$H C O 3 -$ /%	SAR	SSP /%	SDR	Cl^-/ $S O 4 2 -$
最小值	6.61	0.02	0.00	0.01	0.00	0.06	0.03	0.03	0.00	0.11	0.20	17.55	0.21	0.12
最大值	10.67	4.27	6.27	0.74	1.84	4.66	8.65	9.27	0.44	0.42	22.87	99.44	176.5	2.20
平均值	8.82	0.53	0.52	0.16	0.26	1.11	1.49	1.91	0.05	0.22	3.13	56.28	11.86	0.72
标准差	0.69	0.84	1.34	0.24	0.48	1.16	2.31	2.33	0.10	0.07	5.66	24.61	37.40	0.41
变异系数	0.08	1.58	2.59	1.53	1.84	1.04	1.55	1.22	2.02	0.33	1.81	0.44	3.15	0.58
偏度	0.25	2.65	3.72	1.65	2.85	1.67	2.41	1.98	3.11	1.24	3.13	0.09	4.00	1.84
峰度	0.73	6.87	14.71	1.30	7.58	2.64	5.58	3.84	10.55	2.22	9.08	-0.99	16.48	5.52

表3

图4

图5

图6

图7

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项目	样本数	极小值	极大值	均值	标准差	变异系数
pH	130	6.61	10.67	8.82	0.68	0.077
EC/(mS·cm^-1)	130	0.04	9.88	1.19	1.93	1.622
全盐量/%	130	0.02	4.27	0.51	0.84	1.623