不同灌溉量对新疆棉花生长发育及产量形成的影响

doi:10.13866/j.azr.2022.06.27

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

研究了不同灌溉量对新疆棉花生长发育及产量形成的影响，旨在为新疆高产棉田水分高效利用提供理论依据。在膜下滴灌条件下开展大田试验，以正常灌溉量为对照（3071 m³·hm^-2，I100），设3个亏缺梯度，轻度亏缺（2686 m³·hm^-2，I85），中度亏缺（2421 m³·hm^-2，I75），重度亏缺（1955 m³·hm^-2，I60），在不同生育期测定了棉花株高、主茎节数、果枝数、结铃和脱落特征，在采收期测定了棉花产量构成，并计算了灌溉水利用效率。结果表明：（1）各亏缺灌溉处理比正常灌溉处理下棉花的蕾期、花期、盛铃期、吐絮期分别提前了1~2 d、2~4 d、3~8 d、4~11 d；（2）在进入铃期之前，棉花株高、主茎节间长度表现出随着灌溉量减少呈现先增加后降低的趋势，铃期之后均随着灌溉量的减少而降低；棉花在中部和下部冠层的结铃数和坐果数均随着灌水量的降低而减少，其中中部冠层的坐果数在不同灌溉处理间差异显著（P<0.05）；（3）在采收期，I100处理的籽棉产量为6090 kg·hm^-2，分别比亏缺灌溉处理高出7.4%~27.3%；灌溉水利用效率随着灌溉量的减少而提高，最高为2.27 kg·m^-3。在综合考虑农业生产、水资源高效利用和生态环境等方面效益时，建议对新疆棉花进行适度亏缺灌溉，在保证较高作物产量的同时，提高灌溉水利用效率、节约水资源，实现社会经济和生态环境效益的最优化。

关键词: 棉花, 亏缺灌溉, 结铃特征, 灌溉水利用效率

Abstract:

To study the effects of different irrigation amounts on cotton growth and yield formation in Xinjiang to provide a theoretical basis for water-efficient utilization in high-yield cotton fields in Xinjiang. The field experiment was conducted under drip irrigation under the film. With the normal irrigation volume as the control (3071 m³·hm^-2, I100), three deficit gradients were established, including light deficit (2686 m³·hm^-2, I85), moderate deficit (2421 m³·hm^-2, I75), and severe deficit (1955 m³·hm^-2, I60). The plant height, the number of main stem nodes, the number of fruit branches, boll setting, and shedding characteristics of cotton were measured at different growth stages, the yield components of cotton were measured, and the irrigation water use efficiency was calculated during the harvest period. The results showed that: (1) the bud, flowering, full boll, and boll opening stages of cotton under deficit irrigation treatment were 1-2 days, 2-4 days, 3-8 days, and 4-11 days earlier than that under normal irrigation treatment; (2) Before entering the boll stage, the plant height and internode length of the main stem of cotton showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing with decreased irrigation amount, and after the boll stage, both decreased with decreased irrigation amount; The number of bolls and fruit set in the middle and lower canopy of cotton decreased with decreased irrigation, and the number of fruit set in the middle canopy significantly differed among different irrigation treatments (P < 0.05); (3) At the harvest stage, the seed cotton yield of I100 treatment was 6090 kg·hm^-2, which was 7.4%-27.3% higher than that of deficit irrigation treatment; The efficiency of irrigation water use increases with decreasing irrigation amount, and the highest is 2.27 kg·m^-3. To sum up, when considering the benefits of agricultural production, efficient utilization of water resources, and the ecological environment, it is recommended to perform moderate deficit irrigation for cotton in Xinjiang to improve the efficiency of irrigation water utilization, save water resources, and achieve the optimization of social, economic, and ecological environment benefits while ensuring high crop yield.

Key words: cotton, deficit irrigation, boll setting characteristics, irrigation water utilization efficiency

张慧,张凯,陈冰,杨川,柳萍. 不同灌溉量对新疆棉花生长发育及产量形成的影响[J]. 干旱区研究, 2022, 39(6): 1976-1985.

ZHANG Hui,ZHANG Kai,CHEN Bing,YANG Chuan,LIU Ping. Effects of different irrigation rates on cotton growth and yield formation in Xinjiang[J]. Arid Zone Research, 2022, 39(6): 1976-1985.

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处理	滴灌时间							全生育期灌溉总量 /(m³·hm^-2)
	出苗水	苗期	蕾期	花期	花铃期		盛铃期
	5月10日	6月13日	6月26日	7月13日	7月22日	7月30日	8月10日
I100	650	807	323	344	286	229	432	3071
I85	650	682	271	292	245	193	354	2686
I75	650	641	250	219	193	177	292	2421
I60	650	490	167	151	139	125	234	1955

时间	磷酸一铵/（kg·hm^-2）	尿素/（kg·hm^-2）	农业用硫酸钾/（kg·hm^-2）
6月13日	41	80	25
6月26日	41	80	25
7月13日	55	107	33
7月22日	55	107	33
7月30日	55	107	33

处理	生育时期
处理	苗期	蕾期	花期	盛铃期	吐絮期
I100	5月17日	6月23日	7月10日	8月7日	9月12日
I85	5月17日	6月22日	7月8日	8月4日	9月8日
I75	5月17日	6月22日	7月8日	8月2日	9月5日
I60	5月17日	6月21日	7月6日	7月30日	9月1日

处理	根 /(g·株^-1)	茎 /(g·株^-1)	叶 /(g·株^-1)	壳 /(g·株^-1)	絮+籽 /(g·株^-1)	营养器官 /(g·株^-1)	生殖器官 /(g·株^-1)	总生物量 /(g·株^-1)
I100	4.98±0.10a	20.05±0.65a	2.34±0.21	19.43±0.94a	49.3±1.21a	27.37±0.68a	68.73±1.12a	96.1±1.73a
I85	4.71±0.15a	15.17±0.18b	3.52±0.83	13.03±0.23b	33.85±0.41b	23.40±0.82b	46.88±0.62b	70.28±1.27b
I75	3.91±0.14b	14.12±0.53b	2.58±0.72	12.52±0.53b	34.32±0.60b	20.61±0.97c	46.84±1.1b	67.45±1.65b
I60	4.69±0.23a	14.85±0.42b	2.65±0.28	11.89±0.43b	33.03±1.24b	22.19±0.81bc	44.92±1.67b	67.11±1.58b

处理	密度/（10⁴株·hm^-2）	单株铃数/（个·株^-1）	单铃重/（g·株^-1）	籽棉产量/(kg·hm^-2）
I100	12.25±0.25	8.92±0.37a	5.59±0.12	6090.00±218.69a
I85	12.50±0.65	8.61±0.60a	5.29±0.08	5642.12±262.84b
I75	12.25±1.03	8.67±0.54a	5.22±0.06	5476.07±239.28b
I60	12.75±0.63	6.70±0.53b	5.26±0.21	4429.92±91.95b