新疆额尔齐斯河流域“2005·6·1”大洪水分析

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 2005年6月1—2日,额尔齐斯河全流域发生了突发性融雪和降雨混合型大洪水,各支流洪水峰高、量大、来势凶猛,其中额尔齐斯河源头支流——库依尔特斯河发生有实测资料(50 a)以来最大洪水,布尔津河、哈巴河发生有实测资料(54 a)以来第2、第3位洪水,给当地造成较大经济损失。根据河流实测洪水、降水量、气温、高空和环流形势等资料,对这次洪水的成因、过程、特点进行分析。结果表明:① 在额尔齐斯河流域融雪与降雨混合型大洪水的形成过程中,前期气温和大尺度降水天气起重要作用;② 从有实测洪水记录的50多年以来,第4次发生全流域性洪水,在全球气候变暖和随阿勒泰地区冬季降水量明显增多的形势下,灾害性洪水出现的可能性将增加;③ 由于融雪与降雨混合型洪水过程较长、峰量较大,因此,洪水挟沙能力较强,在设计蓄水工程时要引起重视;④ 对下游有较大城市或重点水利工程的山区河流,要加强防洪预警系统的建设力度,以减轻灾害性洪水造成的损失。

关键词: 融雪与降雨混合型洪水, 含沙量, 额尔齐斯河, 新疆

Abstract: A sudden snowmelt-rainfall mixed flood with high flood peak and big volume occurred in all the distributaries of the Ertix River Basin on June 1, 2005. In which the flood occurred in the Kuyertes River, a headstream of the Ertix River, was the maximum recorded since recent 50 years, and the 2nd and 3rd maximum floods in the records occurred in the Burqin River and Haba River separately. The flood resulted in a huge economic loss in the local area. In this paper, the causes, process and characteristics of the flood were analyzed based on the observed data of flood, rainfall, temperature and atmospheric circulation pattern. The results were as followings: (1) Previous temperature and large-scale precipitation played an important role in the formation process of the snowmelt-precipitation mixed flood in the Ertix River Basin; (2) Temperature change, 0 ℃-layer height and precipitation were necessary for accurately predicting flood trend. The 4th basin-wide flood recorded since recent more than 50 years occurred under global warming and the obvious increase of snowfall in the Altay region in winter, and the possibility of occurring disastrous flood would be increased; (3) Duration of snowmelt-rainfall mixed flood is long, the flood peak is high, and the sand-carrying capability of such flood is strong, so these problems should be paid great attention to in designing the projects of urban flood prevention and control and water storage; (4) Construction of pre-warning system of flood prevention and control should be enhanced, especially along the mountainous rivers if there are large cities or important projects downstream so as to decrease the losses caused by disastrous flood.

Key words: snowmelt-rainfall mixed flood, silt content, the Ertix River, Xinjiang

努尔兰·哈再孜, 马哈提·穆拉提别克, 玛哈萨提·哈孜哈力. 新疆额尔齐斯河流域“2005·6·1”大洪水分析[J]. 干旱区研究, 2013, 30(6): 981-985.

NUERLAN Hazaiz, MAHAT Mulatibiek, MAHASAT Hazihali. A Flood in the Ertix River Basin in Xinjiang[J]. Arid Zone Research, 2013, 30(6): 981-985.

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