农牧交错带生态与生产用地时空转换及其驱动因素分析——以张家口坝上地区为例

doi:10.13866/j.azr.2023.05.12

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为实现农牧交错带生态用地与生产用地的协调发展，提升区域生态功能，以张家口坝上地区为例，构建土地利用转移矩阵，利用地理集中度和地理探测器模型，揭示生态用地与生产用地时空变化、转换特征和驱动因素。结果表明：（1） 2000—2020年，张家口坝上地区生态用地规模增加了5.41%，表现为先增后减的变化趋势，生产用地规模减少了6.89%，表现为先减后增的变化趋势。（2）生态用地和生产用地之间相互转换频繁，生产用地向生态用地转换了21.23×10⁴ hm²，转换数量逐渐减少，自然条件较好地区（降雨量多、海拔低和坡度缓等）的生产用地开始向生态用地转换；生态用地向生产用地转换了12.47×10⁴ hm²，转换数量逐渐增加，且自然条件较恶劣地区的生态用地开始向生产用地转变。（3）土壤有机质、人均耕地面积和坡度等是影响生产用地向生态用地转换的主要因素，土壤有机质与人均耕地面积的交互作用解释力最大；土壤有机质含量低、人均耕地面积多、坡度6°~15°和年均降雨量低于400 mm的地区容易发生生产用地向生态用地转变。坡度、年均降雨量和人均耕地面积等是影响生态用地向生产用地转变的主要因素，坡度与地貌类型的交互作用解释力最大；在坡度2°~6°较缓区、年均降雨量大于400 mm、人均耕地面积少的地区容易发生生态用地向生产用地转变。研究区近年来出现生态用地向生产用地的转换应引起重视。

关键词: 生态用地, 生产用地, 转换, 驱动, 农牧交错带, 张家口坝上

Abstract:

In farming-pastoral ecotone, coordinated development between ecological land and production land is of great significance. A land use transfer matrix was constructed in the Bashang region. We used the geographic concentration method and the geographic detector model to detect the spatiotemporal change, transformation characteristics, and its driving force between ecological land and production land. The results showed the following: (1) From 2000 to 2020, the ecological land area increased by 5.41%, although the trend appearedto decrease; meanwhile, the production land area decreased by 6.89%, although the trend appeared to increase. (2) The conversion between ecological land and production land occurred frequently. The area converted from production land to ecological land was 21.23×10⁴ hm², and the conversion amount decreased. These conversions were mainly distributed in regions with rich natural conditions (abundant rainfall, low altitude, and gentle slope). The area converted from ecological land to production land was 12.47×10⁴ hm², and the conversion amount increased. These conversions were mainly distributed in regions with poor natural conditions (low rainfall, high altitude, and steep slope). (3) In the single factors, soil organic matter, per capita cultivated land area, and slope arewere the main factors influencing the conversion from production land to ecological land. In the interaction factors, the interaction between soil organic matter and per capita cultivated land area was the most influential factor. The conversion from production land to ecological land usually occurred in the regions with low soil organic matter content, large per capita cultivated area, slope of 6°-15°, and annual average rainfall of <400 mm. Slope, annual average rainfall, and per capita cultivated land area were the main factors influencing the conversion from ecological land to production land. The interaction between slope and geomorphic agents was the most influential factor. The conversion from ecological land to production land usually occurred in the regions with a slope of 2°-6°, annual average rainfall of >400 mm, and small per capita cultivated land area. Attention should be drawn to the conversion between ecological land and productive land in the study area over the coming years.

Key words: ecological land, production land, transformation, drive force, farming-pastoral ecotone, the Bashang region of Zhangjiakou

秦彦杰, 武爱彬, 赵艳霞, 唐守普, 刘欣, 沈会涛, 张胜海. 农牧交错带生态与生产用地时空转换及其驱动因素分析——以张家口坝上地区为例[J]. 干旱区研究, 2023, 40(5): 798-807.

QIN Yanjie, WU Aibin, ZHAO Yanxia, TANG Shoupu, LIU Xin, SHEN Huitao, ZHANG Shenghai. Analysis of the spatiotemporal conversion between ecological land and production land in the farming-pastoral ecotone and the forces driving it: A case study in the Bashang region of Zhangjiakou[J]. Arid Zone Research, 2023, 40(5): 798-807.

图/表 6

表1

表2

图1

表3

2000—2020年生态用地和生产用地转移地块自然地理驱动特征"

		生产用地转生态用地		生态用地转生产用地
		2000—2010年	2010—2020年	2000—2010年	2010—2020年
气象	降雨量	50.45%地块分布在降雨量350~400 mm，48.86%分布在降雨量400~450 mm区域	13.84%地块分布在降雨量350~400 mm，85.69%分布在降雨量400~450 mm区域	19.34%地块分布在降雨量350~400 mm，80.46%分布在降雨量400~450 mm区域	47.13%地块分布在降雨量350~400 mm，51.97%分布在降雨量400~450 mm区域
地形地貌	坡度	坡度以6°~15°为主，占57.71%，其次为2°~6°，占25.13%	坡度以0°~2°为主，占39.42%，其次为2°~6°，占30.59%	坡度以2°~6°为主，占43.65%，其次为6°~15°，占31.95%	以2°~6°为主，占55.38%，其次为6°~15°，占25.57%
	地貌	以洪积冲积高原、湖积高原为主，分别占22.82%和19.62%	以侵蚀剥蚀中山和玄武岩台地为主，分别占39.47%和19.08%	以洪积冲积高原、侵蚀剥蚀丘陵为主，占比分别为30.10%和17.07%	以洪积冲积高原和湖积高原为主，占比分别为37.80%和27.78%
	海拔	主要集中在1400~1500 m，占57.71%，其次在1200~1400 m，占25.13%	主要集中在900~1200 m和1200~1400 m，分别占39.42%和30.59%	主要集中在1200~1400 m和1500~1700 m，占比分别为38.87%和30.89%	主要集中在1400~1500 m，占49.68%，其次为1200~1400 m，占38.30%
位置	距乡镇距离	距乡镇距离5 km以上的比例71%	距乡镇距离5 km以上的比例59%	距乡镇距离5 km以上的比例57.6%	距乡镇距离5 km以上的比例70.7%
	距旅游景点距离	距离旅游景点5 km以内13.72%，其中自然景观9.77%，人为景观3.95%	距离旅游景点5 km以内占5.88%，其中自然景观占3.51%，人为景观占2.37%	距离旅游景点5 km以内16.41%，其中自然景观占3.52%，人为景观占12.89%	距离旅游景点5 km以内占11.64%，其中自然景观占7.79%，人为景观占3.85%
	路网密度	0.00031 m²·km^-2	0.00031 m²·km^-2	0.00028 m²·km^-2	0.00028 m²·km^-2
土壤	土壤类型	以壤性洪冲积栗钙土为主，占总面积的52.92%，其次为粗散状栗钙土和暗实状栗钙土，比例分别为11.21%和10.63%	以黄土状栗钙土和壤性洪冲积栗钙土为主，二者合计占总面积的50.34%	以壤性洪冲积栗钙土为主，占总面积的34.27%，其次为粗散状栗钙土和壤性冲击碱化栗钙土，比例分别为19.84%和13.02%	以壤性洪冲积栗钙土为主，占总面积的54.64%
	土壤质地	以沙质为主，占总面积的80.31%，其次为黏质占16.06%	以沙质为主，占总面积的72.45%，其次为黏质占21.00%	以沙质为主，占总面积的69.08%，其次为黏质占24.14%	以沙质为主，占总面积的83.44%
	土壤有机质	多在0.041~0.060ppm，占总面积的64.28%，土壤有机质含量在0.061~0.08ppm的地块占30.83%	多在0.041~0.060ppm，占总面积的57.35%，土壤有机质含量在0.021~0.040ppm的地块占25.27%	多在0.041~0.060ppm，占总面积的64.17%，土壤有机质含量在0.061~0.08ppm的地块占24.94%	多在0.041~0.060ppm，占总面积的66.78%，土壤有机质含量在0.021~0.040ppm的地块占26.08%
水资源	距离水源地距离	在河流两侧1 km内仅占21.72%，在湖泊周边2 km内仅有0.96%	在河流两侧1 km内仅占47.98%，在湖泊周边2 km内仅有0.33%	在河流两侧1 km内仅占37.64%，在湖泊周边2 km内仅有0.94%	在河流两侧1 km内仅占24.86%，在湖泊周边2 km内仅有0.38%
耕地质量	耕地分等质量	耕地质量经济等级集中在13等和14等，共97.00%，分别占51.00%和46.02%	耕地质量经济等级集中在13等，占70.89%，其次14等，占23.74%	-	-

表3

图2

表4

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阈值	X₁/mm	X₂	X₃/(°)	X₄/m	X₅	X₆/ppm	X₇/km	X₈ /(m·km^-2)	X₉/km	X₁₀/km	X₁₁/km	X₁₂/元	X₁₃ /（人·km^-2）	X₁₄ /(hm²·人^-1)
一级区	350~400	侵蚀剥蚀中山	0~2	900~1200	栗钙土	0.21~0.04	<5.0	0~0.13	<5	<1	<1	<11000	45~50	0.35~0.40
二级区	400~450	侵蚀剥蚀丘陵台地	2~6	1200~1400	风沙土	0.04~0.06	≥5.0	0.13~0.33	≥ 5	≥1	≥1	11000~12000	50~55	0.40~0.45
三级区	450~500	洪积冲积平原	6~15	1400~1500	草甸土	0.06~0.08		0.33~0.68				12000~13000	>55	>0.45
四级区		洪积冲积、湖积高原	15~25	1500~1700	沼泽土	0.08~0.10		0.68~1.38				>13000
五级区			>25	1700~2155	栗褐土	>0.10		1.38~2.22

	转移面积/hm²		占总面积的比例/%
	2000—2010年	2010—2020年	2000—2010年	2010—2020年
生产用地转为生态用地	171206.10	41119.20	12.43	2.98
生产用地转为生活用地	6001.47	7187.94	0.44	0.52
生态用地转为生产用地	23507.38	101168.03	1.71	7.34
生态用地转为生活用地	6358.68	9483.30	0.46	0.69
生活用地转为生产用地	1188.45	2723.31	0.09	0.20
生活用地转为生态用地	1297.08	1589.85	0.09	0.12
没有发生变化	1139625.00	1186539.00	82.72	86.12

	生产用地转生态用地		生态用地转生产用地
单个因子解释力	土壤有机质	0.426	坡度	0.451
	人均耕地面积	0.325	年均降雨量	0.261
	坡度	0.314	人均耕地面积	0.1415
	年均降雨量	0.242	农民人均收入	0.0958
	距乡镇距离	0.126	高程	0.091
	人口密度	0.0925	距乡镇距离	0.0685
	高程	0.086	人口密度	0.058
	农民人均收入	0.0652	距水系距离	0.0536
	距水系距离	0.0625	地貌类型	0.042
	地貌类型	0.0562	土壤类型	0.032
	土壤类型	0.036	土壤有机质	0.023
	距旅游景点	0.0213	路网密度	0.0112
	路网密度	0.012	距湖泊水库距离	0.00957
	距湖泊水库距离	0.00584	距旅游景点	0.00752
交互因子解释力	土壤有机质∩人均耕地面积	0.692	地貌类型∩坡度	0.547
	土壤有机质∩平均降雨量	0.536	年均降雨量∩坡度	0.342
	土壤有机质∩坡度	0.515	人均耕地面积∩农民人均收入	0.239
	年均降雨量∩坡度	0.452	年均降雨量∩人均耕地面积	0.232
	年均降雨量∩人均耕地面积	0.335	年均降雨量∩农民人均收入	0.216
	土壤有机质∩地貌类型	0.325	年均降雨量∩高程	0.214