季节性冻土区土体冻融过程及其对水热因子的响应

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 利用内蒙古赛罕乌拉森林生态系统国家野外观测研究站试验地的森林小气候观测塔，根据2015—2016年冻融期野外观测的气温、降水量、土壤温度和水分数据，对该区季节性冻土的冻融过程和特点进行了分析，研究了土壤冻结和解冻过程中各土壤层的垂直温度和水分的变化，以及对气温和降水量的响应。结果表明：①季节性冻土的土壤温度随着土层深度增加，土壤冻结和融化滞后天数也会增加，同时与气温的相关性也逐渐减小；②季节性冻土解冻的速度要快于冻结的速度；③在进入解冻期前,3月中旬到5月中旬，各层土壤温度始终保持在-1～1 ℃之间，不随气温波动；④降水量并不大的解冻期，土壤未冻水含量会迅速增加，说明冻融过程确实能够保存土壤水分，这将有利于植被应对春季干旱。

关键词: 季节性冻土, 冻融过程, 水热条件, 赛罕乌拉, 内蒙古

Abstract: The data of air temperature, precipitation and soil temperature and moisture content during the soil freezing-thawing period from 2015 to 2016 were obtained from the forest microclimate observation tower of Saihanwula National Forest Ecosystem Research Station in Inner Mongolia. The freezing-thawing process and characteristics of seasonal frozen soil in this area were analyzed. The vertical changes of soil temperature and moisture content and their responses to temperature and precipitation were studied. The results showed: ①The temperature of the seasonal frozen soil at different stages changed, the shallow soil began to freeze or thaw at first, and the lag time of freezing-thawing process increased gradually with the increase of soil depth. Moreover, the correlation between the air temperature and soil temperature decreased gradually; ②The thawing speed of frozen soil was higher than that of freezing: ③Before thawing (roughly from mid-March to mid-May), soil temperature at different depths maintained in a range of -1-1℃ and did not fluctuate with air temperature; ④The unfrozen water content in soil increased rapidly during the thawing period when the precipitation was not high, which indicated that the freezing and thawing processes could hold soil moisture and benefit the vegetation growth against spring drought.

Key words: seasonal frozen soil; freezing-thawing process, moisture and temperature condition, Saihanwula, Inner Mongolia

乌艺恒, 赵鹏武, 周梅, 魏江生, 冯倩倩. 季节性冻土区土体冻融过程及其对水热因子的响应[J]. 干旱区研究, 2019, 36(6): 1568-1575.

WU Yi-heng, ZHAO Peng-wu, ZHOU Mei, WEI Jiang-sheng, FENG Qian-qian. Freezing-thawing Process of Seasonal Frozen Soil and Its Response to Moisture and Temperature[J]. Arid Zone Research, 2019, 36(6): 1568-1575.

参考文献 32

[1]	习阿幸，刘志辉，卢文君.干旱区季节性冻土冻融状况及对融雪径流的影响[J].水土保持研究,2016,23(2):333-339.[Xi Axing,Liu Zhihui,Lu Wenjun.Processes of seasonal frozen soil freezing-thawing and impact on snowmelt runoff in arid area[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2016,23(2):333-339.]
[2]	徐敩祖，王家澄.中国冻土分布及其地带性规律的初步探讨[C]//第二届全国冻土学术会议论文选集.甘肃：甘肃人民出版社,1983:3-12.[Xu Xiaozu,Wang Jiacheng.Preliminary study on distribution and zonality of permafrost in China[C]//Proceedings of the 2nd National Frozen Soil Conference.Gansu:Gansu People’s Publishing House,1983:3-12.] 
[3]	Niu Guoyue,Yang Zongliang.Effects of frozen soil on snowmelt runoff and soil water storage at a continental scale[J].Journal of Hydrometeorology,2006,7(5):937-952.
[4]	王敬哲，刘志辉，塔西甫拉提·特依拜，等.天山北坡融雪期季节性冻土融化过程分析[J].干旱区研究，2017，34(2):282-292.[Wang Jingzhe,Liu Zhihui,Tashpolat Tiyip，et al.Thawing process of seasonal frozen soil on northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains during snowmelt period[J].Arid Zone Research,2017,34(2):282-292.]
[5]	张盟.季节性冻土水文特性及冻层土壤水分运移规律研究[D].哈尔滨：黑龙江大学，2016.[Zhang Meng.Hydrological Characteristics of Seasonal Frozen Soil and the Study of Soil Water Movement in Frozen Soil[D].Harbin:Heilongjiang University,2016.]
[6]	董婷，孟令奎，张文.1961—2012年我国干旱演变特征[J].干旱区研究，2018，35(1):96-106.[Dong Ting,Meng Lingkui,Zhang Wen.Evolution of drought in China during the period of 1961-2012[J].Arid Zone Research,2018,35(1):96-106.]
[7]	周传艳，丛沛桐，祖元刚，等.老山生态实验站森林资源的消长[J].东北林业大学学报，2004，32(2):26-28.[Zhou Chuanyan,Cong Peitong,Zu Yuangang,et al.Changes of forest resources in Laoshan Experimental Station[J].Journal of Northeast Forestry University,2004,32(2):26-28.]
[8]	罗斯琼，张宇，吕世华.黄土高原砂壤土冻融过程的观测和模拟[J].冰川冻土，2008，30(2):234-243.[Luo Siqiong,Zhang Yu,Lv Shihua.Freezing/thawing process of sandy soil on the Loess Plateau:Observation and simulation[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2008,30(2):234-243.]
[9]	Poutou E,Krinner G,Genthon C,et al.Role of soil freezing in future boreal climate change[J].Climate Dynamics,2004,23(6):621-639.
[10]	唐保春，马月花，权国仓，等.冻土冻融对地下水的影响:以祁连山多年冻土区大通河谷融区为例[J].地质科技情报，2016，35(4):164-171.[Tang Baochun,Ma Yuehua,Quan Guocang,et al.Impact of freezing-thawing process of frozen soil on groundwater:A case study in the Datong River valley area of the Qilian permafrost region[J].Geological Science and Technology Information,2016,35(4):164-171.]
[11]	Messiga A J,Ziadi N,Morel C,et al.Soil phosphorus availability in no-till versus conventional tillage following freezing and thawing cycles[J].Canadian Journal of Soil Science,2010,90(3):419-428.
[12]	Ren J S,Song C C，Hou A X,et al.Shifts in soil bacterial and archaeal communities during freeze-thaw cycles in a seasonal frozen marsh,Northeast China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2018,625:782-791.
[13]	Eyal R,Dan Y.Contribution of semi-arid forests to the climate system[J].Science,2010,327(5 964):451-454.
[14]	王兴菊，许士国，李文义，等.扎龙湿地季节性冻土冻融规律及其生态水文功能研究[J].大连理工大学学报，2008,48(6):897-903.[Wang Xingju,Xu Shiguo,Li Wenyi,et al.Freezingthawing rule of seasonal frozen soil and its ecohydrological function in Zhalong Wetland[J].Journal of Dalian University of Technology,2008,48(6):897-903.]
[15]	胡宏昌，王根绪，王一博，等.江河源区典型多年冻土和季节冻土区水热过程对植被盖度的响应[J].科学通报，2009,54(2):242-250.[Hu Hongchang,Wang Genxu,Wang Yibo,et al.Response of soil heat-water processes to vegetation cover on the typical permafrost and seasonally frozen soil in the headwaters of the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2009,54(2):242-250.]
[16]	白磊，李兰海，李倩，等.新疆北疆地区季节性冻土结冻过程与日积温的关系[J].冰川冻土，2012，34(2):328-335.[Bai Lei,Li Lanhai,Li Qian,et al.Relationship between soil’s seasonal freezing process and daily accumulative hourly temperature in Northern Xinjiang region[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2012,34(2):328-335.]
[17]	Zhang Mingyi,Lu Jianguo,Lai Yuanming,et al.Variation of the thermal conductivity of a silty clay during a freezing-thawing process[J].International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer,2018,124:1 059-1 067.
[18]	Michalska B,Nidzgorska-Lencewicz J.Daily variability of temperature in the profile of overgrown soil in the Ostoja Meteorological Station[J].Folia Pomer,2010,279(15):63-72.
[19]	韩力峰，李桂林，张书理.赛罕乌拉自然保护区生物多样性现状及其评价[J].内蒙古环境保护，1998,10(3):36-37，27.[Han Lifeng,Li Guilin,Zhang Shuli,et al.The current situation and evaluation of the biodiversity of Saihanwula Nature Reserve[J].Environmental Protection in Inner Mongolia,1998,10(3):36-37,27.]
[20]	韩丽.赛罕乌拉自然保护区不同植被类型下土壤理化性状的对比研究[D].呼和浩特：内蒙古农业大学，2010.[Han Li.Under Saihanwula Nature Reserve Different Vegetation Types in the Comparative Study of Soil Physical and Chemical Properties[D].Hohhot:Inner Mongolia Agricultural University,2010.]
[21]	[JP2]刘帅，于贵瑞，浅沼顺，等.蒙古高原中部草地土壤冻融过程及土壤含水量分布[J].土壤学报，2009，46(1):46-51.[Liu Shuai,Yu Guirui,Qian Zhaoshun,et al.The thawing-freezing processes and soil moisture distribution of the steppe in central Mongolian Plateau[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2009,46(1):46-51.]
[22]	杨金凤.季节性冻融期不同地表条件下土壤水热动态变化规律的试验研究[D].太原：太原理工大学,2006.[Yang Jinfeng.Experimental Study of Soil Moisture and Heat Regimes under Different Surface Conditions during Seasonal Freezing-Thawing Period[D].Taiyuan:Taiyuan University of Technology,2006.]
[23]	刘巧玲.科尔沁草甸地冻融期土壤水热盐动态迁移规律与数值模拟研究[D].呼和浩特：内蒙古农业大学,2015.[Liu Qiaoling.Study on Soil Water-Heat-Salt Transfer during Freezing-Thawing and Its Simulation by Numerical Model over Meadow Land of Horqin[D].Hohhot:Inner Mongolia Agricultural University,2015.]
[24]	王力.科尔沁沙地坨甸相间地区冻融期土壤水热运移野外试验模拟[D].呼和浩特：内蒙古农业大学,2010.[Wang Li.Field Test and Simulation in Freeze-thaw Period for Transfer of Soil Water and Heat in Dune Alternated with Meadow Area in Horqin Sand[D].Hohhot:Inner Mongolia Agricultural University,2010.]
[25]	靳志锋，虎胆·吐马尔白，牟洪臣，等.土壤冻融温度影响下棉田水盐运移规律[J].干旱区研究，2013，30(4):623-627.[Jin Zhifeng,Hudan Tumaerbai,Mou Hongchen,et al.Soil water and salt migration in cotton field under soil freezing-thawing temperature[J].Arid Zone Research,2013,30(4):623-627.]
[26]	Fu Qiang,Ma Zi’ao,Wang Enliang,et al.Impact factors and dynamic simulation of tillage-layer temperature in frozen-thawed soil under different cover conditions[J].International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering,2018,11(2):101-107.
[27]	张厚泉.季节性冻融期土壤水热动态变化规律的数值模拟研究[D].太原：太原理工大学,2009.[Zhang Houquan.Numerical Simulation of Soil Moisture and Heat Regimes during Freezing-Thawing Period[D].Taiyuan:Taiyuan University of Technology,2009.]
[28]	贾庆宇.辽河三角洲芦苇湿地局地气候变化特征及地-气相互影响关系研究[D].沈阳：沈阳农业大学,2018.[Jia Qingyu.The Relation of the Local Climate Change Characteristics and the Land-Atmosphere Interaction of the Reed Wetland in Liaohe River[D].Shenyang:Shenyang Agricultural University,2018.]
[29]	姚楠,赵英,张建国,等.不同放牧条件内蒙古草原土壤冻融期水热动态[J].水土保持研究,2017,24(5):132-138.[Yao Nan,Zhao Ying,Zhang Jianguo,et al.Soil water and heat dynamics during freezing and thawing period under three grazing densities in grassland of Inner Mongolia[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2017,24(5):132-138.]
[30]	暴路敏.科尔沁沙地沙丘-草甸地冻融期土壤水热动态变化规律及其数值模拟研究[D].呼和浩特：内蒙古农业大学，2014.[Bao Lumin.The Dynamic Change of Soil Water and Heat and Numerical Simulation Study in Freeze-thaw Period for in Horqin Sandy with Sand-Meadow Land Features[D].Hohhot：Inner Mongolia Agricultural University,2014.]
[31]	郭占荣,荆恩春,聂振龙,等.冻结期和冻融期土壤水分运移特征分析[J].水科学进展,2002，13(3):298-302.[Guo Zhanrong,Jing Enchun,Nie Zhenlong,et al.Analysis on the characteristics of soil moisture transfer during freezing and thawing period[J].Advances in Water Science,2002，13(3):298-302.]
[32]	Kelleners T J.Coupled water flow and heat transport in seasonally frozen soils with snow accumulation[J].Vadose Zone Journal,2012,12(4):108-112.