黑河中游绿洲边缘三种景观类型土壤水分动态特征及影响因素

doi:10.13866/j.azr.2024.04.03

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

土壤水分对干旱区旱生植物的生长发育必不可少，决定了旱生植物群落的演替动态和方向。探究黑河中游绿洲边缘不同景观类型的土壤水分动态特征，制定切实有效、科学合理的防风固沙措施，对于阻止荒漠化进程显得尤为重要。本文以黑河中游绿洲边缘的防护林、荒漠-绿洲过渡带和荒漠三种景观类型为研究对象，采用HYDRUS-2D模型模拟、LSD分析法、Pearson相关性分析等方法，研究三种不同景观类型土壤水分动态特征及影响因素。结果表明：（1）土壤体积含水量的RMSE为0.002~0.006 cm³·cm^-3，MRE为4.22%~5.20%，R²为0.725~0.967，模拟结果与实测数据具有较高的吻合度，HYDRUS-2D模型可用于本研究区土壤水分动态的模拟研究。（2）防护林和荒漠-绿洲过渡带景观的土壤体积含水量随土层深度增加呈现出先增大后减小的变化趋势，荒漠景观则呈现出先减小后增大的变化趋势。（3）有效降水对土壤体积含水量动态变化起决定性作用，9.5 mm以上的降水量可以在短期内显著提高土壤水分含量和入渗深度，荒漠景观降水后的各时段土壤水分入渗深度高于防护林景观和荒漠-绿洲过渡带景观。（4）三种景观类型的土壤体积含水量与降水、蒸散发、容重、土壤颗粒组成、土壤持水性能等因素有关，且表现出不同程度的显著相关(P<0.01)，其中，降水、黏粉粒含量与土壤体积含水量呈显著正相关，容重、砂粒含量与土壤体积含水量呈显著负相关性。因此，研究区栽植防风固沙灌木可以增加土壤黏粉粒含量，提高土壤收集利用雨水的能力，减缓入渗作用的进程，从而对土壤持水性能产生积极影响。

关键词: 土壤水分, 动态变化, 入渗特征, 影响因素, 黑河中游

Abstract:

Soil moisture is indispensable for the growth and development of plants in arid zones and determines the dynamics and direction of the succession of arid plant communities. It is particularly important to investigate the dynamic characteristics of soil moisture in different landscape types at the edge of the oasis in the middle reaches of the Heihe River and to develop effective, scientific, and reasonable measures to prevent wind and fix sand to prevent desertification. This study focused on three landscape types—protected forest landscapes, desert-oasis transition zone landscapes, and desert landscapes—at the edge of the oasis in the middle reaches of the Heihe River. HYDRUS-2D model simulation, LSD analysis, and Pearson correlation analysis were used to study the characteristics of soil moisture dynamics and the influencing factors of the three landscape types. The results were as follows: (1) the RMSE of soil volumetric water content ranged from 0.002 to 0.006 cm³·cm^-3, MRE ranged from 4.22% to 5.20%, and R² ranged from 0.725 to 0.967. The simulation results showed a high degree of agreement with the measured data, and the HYDRUS-2D model can be used for simulation studies of soil moisture in this study area. (2) The soil volumetric water content of protected forest landscapes and desert-oasis transition zone landscapes showed a trend of initial increase and subsequent decrease with increasing soil depth, whereas desert landscapes showed a trend of initial decrease and subsequent increase with increasing soil depth. (3) Effective precipitation plays a decisive role in the dynamics of the soil volumetric water content, and precipitation above 9.5 mm significantly increases the soil moisture content and infiltration depth over a short period. The depth of soil moisture infiltration in all periods after precipitation in desert landscapes was higher than that in protected forest landscapes and desert-oasis transition zone landscapes. (4) The soil volumetric water content of the three landscape types was related to factors such as precipitation, evapotranspiration, bulkiness, soil granular composition, and soil water-holding properties. The soil water-holding properties were significantly correlated with factors such as precipitation and evapotranspiration (P<0.01). Of these, precipitation and clay-powder grain content were significantly positively correlated with soil volumetric water content, whereas bulk weight and sand grain content were significantly negatively correlated with soil volumetric water content. Thus, planting windbreak shrubs in the study area can increase the content of soil sticky powder particles, improve the ability of the soil to collect and utilize rainwater, and slow the process of infiltration, thus positively affecting the soil water-holding properties.

Key words: soil moisture, dynamic change, infiltration characteristics, influencing factors, middle reaches of the Heihe River

胡广录, 刘鹏, 李嘉楠, 陶虎, 周成乾. 黑河中游绿洲边缘三种景观类型土壤水分动态特征及影响因素[J]. 干旱区研究, 2024, 41(4): 550-565.

HU Guanglu, LIU Peng, LI Jia’nan, TAO Hu, ZHOU Chengqian. Characteristics of soil moisture dynamics and influencing factors of three landscape types at the oasis edge in the middle reaches of the Heihe River[J]. Arid Zone Research, 2024, 41(4): 550-565.

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景观类型	土层深度 /cm	土壤容重/ (g·cm^-3)	土壤颗粒含量/%
景观类型	土层深度 /cm	土壤容重/ (g·cm^-3)	黏粒 (≤2 μm)	粉粒 (2~50 μm)	砂粒 (≥50 μm)
防护林	0~20	1.43	2.58	34.99	62.43
	20~40	1.42	2.93	36.92	60.15
	40~60	1.37	3.59	46.65	49.76
	60~80	1.31	3.69	53.79	42.52
	80~100	1.42	2.92	40.11	56.97
荒漠- 绿洲过渡带	0~20	1.65	0.17	3.13	96.70
	20~40	1.60	0.17	3.21	96.62
	40~60	1.60	0.17	3.51	96.32
	60~80	1.58	0.18	3.48	96.34
	80~100	1.55	0.17	3.20	96.63
荒漠	0~20	1.55	0.04	4.51	95.45
	20~40	1.53	0.05	3.11	96.84
	40~60	1.48	0.04	4.49	95.47
	60~80	1.48	0.04	7.73	92.23
	80~100	1.46	0.16	7.83	92.01

景观类型	土层深度 /cm	残余含水量θ_r /(cm³·cm^-3)	饱和含水量θ_s /(cm³·cm^-3)	进气吸力α /cm^-1	形状系数 n	饱和导水率 K_s/(cm·d^-1)
防护林	0~20	0.034	0.39	0.033	1.43	143.57
	20~40	0.034	0.39	0.029	1.43	67.72
	40~60	0.029	0.36	0.015	1.47	58.13
	60~80	0.028	0.35	0.009	1.55	69.44
	80~100	0.029	0.36	0.022	1.44	63.46
荒漠- 绿洲过渡带	0~20	0.016	0.34	0.033	3.79	427.90
	20~40	0.023	0.35	0.033	3.90	446.60
	40~60	0.024	0.35	0.033	3.84	455.60
	60~80	0.025	0.36	0.033	3.88	483.20
	80~100	0.027	0.37	0.032	3.98	569.80
荒漠	0~20	0.017	0.34	0.037	3.22	456.65
	20~40	0.019	0.34	0.032	4.24	1182.54
	40~60	0.020	0.37	0.034	3.75	960.86
	60~80	0.016	0.36	0.037	3.17	530.96
	80~100	0.025	0.36	0.038	3.10	530.61

	体积含水量	降水	蒸发	容重	黏粒	粉粒	砂粒	残余含水量	饱和含水量	饱和导水率
体积含水量	1
降水	0.168^**	1
蒸发	-0.225^**	-0.322^**	1
容重	-0.318^**	0	0	1
黏粒	0.411^**	0	0	-0.916^**	1
粉粒	0.365^**	0	0	-0.979^**	0.950^**	1
砂粒	-0.369^**	0	0	0.978^**	-0.955^**	-1.000^**	1
残余含水量	-0.374^**	0	0	0.722^**	-0.785^**	-0.843^**	0.842^**	1
饱和含水量	-0.373^**	0	0	0.767^**	-0.804^**	-0.875^**	0.874^**	0.997^**	1
饱和导水率	-0.485^**	0	0	0.412^**	-0.664^**	-0.528^**	0.538^**	0.627^**	0.609^**	1

	体积含水量	降水	蒸发	容重	黏粒	粉粒	砂粒	残余含水量	饱和含水量	饱和导水率
体积含水量	1
降水	0.245^**	1
蒸发	-0.193^**	-0.322^**	1
容重	-0.583^**	0	0	1
黏粒	0.201^**	0	0	-0.245^**	1
粉粒	0.332^**	0	0	-0.273^**	0.554^**	1
砂粒	-0.333^**	0	0	0.275^**	-0.571^**	-1.000^**	1
残余含水量	0.613^**	0	0	-0.967^**	0.267^**	0.463^**	-0.463^**	1
饱和含水量	0.534^**	0	0	-0.974^**	0.294^**	0.172^**	-0.177^**	0.891^**	1
饱和导水率	0.440^**	0	0	-0.888^**	0.066	-0.040	0.038	0.756^**	0.950^**	1

	体积含水量	降水	蒸发	容重	黏粒	粉粒	砂粒	残余含水量	饱和含水量	饱和导水率
体积含水量	1
降水	0.249^**	1
蒸发	-0.193^**	-0.322^**	1
容重	-0.515^**	0	0	1
黏粒	0.361^**	0	0	-0.045	1
粉粒	0.386^**	0	0	-0.301^**	0.753^**	1
砂粒	-0.388^**	0	0	0.296^**	-0.765^**	-1.000^**	1
残余含水量	0.477^**	0	0	-0.562^**	0.418^**	0.037	-0.048	1
饱和含水量	0.500^**	0	0	-0.961^**	0.105^**	0.495^**	-0.487^**	0.369^**	1
饱和导水率	-0.322^**	0	0	0.148^**	-0.782^**	-0.987^**	0.988^**	0.039	-0.352^**	1