亚洲中部干旱区降水异常的大气环流特征

doi:10.13866/j.azr.2018.02.01

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 亚洲中部干旱区(中亚五国和新疆)是地中海气候与东亚季风气候的过渡带,区域天气气候与欧洲和东亚季风区迥异,具有世界独特的干旱区生态气候模式,即山地森林草原—盆地平原绿洲寓于荒漠,并与荒漠共存的生态气候地理格局。天气气候受高、中、低纬环流的共同影响,区域内部差异很大,形成多背景、多因子、多尺度影响下的极具代表性的气象灾害孕育和成灾环境。亚洲中部干旱区光热资源丰富、蒸发量大、气温变化剧烈,而降水稀少,且分布极不均匀,天山山脉的中西段是降水高值区,近百年来整体表现为增暖、增湿趋势。高、中、低纬系统和中亚低值系统的活跃,共同造就了中亚东部(新疆)降水年代际和年际异常增多。西亚西风急流是联系高、中、低纬环流系统相互作用的纽带。目前,该区域气象综合观测网建设不能满足应对气候变化的需求,同时对区域特有的环流系统、灾害性天气气候发生规律和形成机理、高分辨率区域数值模式、地—气相互作用对区域天气气候的影响、气候变化预估等方面的研究也较薄弱,开展上述研究对“丝绸之路经济带”可持续发展具有重要科学意义和战略价值。

关键词: 天气, 气候特征, 降水异常, 大气环流, 水汽, 中亚干旱区(亚洲中部干旱区)

Abstract: As a climate transition zone between the Mediterranean climate region and the East Asian monsoon region,the arid regions in Central Asia (including five Central Asian countries and Xinjiang of China) are influenced by high,medium and low latitude circulations,where the regional synoptic-climatic characteristics are widely different from those in Europe and East Asia.Central Asia has the unique and complicated topography and ecosystem patterns,such as the deserts,oases,glaciers and basins,and also has a highly representative environment of forming meteorological disasters under the influence of multiple backgrounds,multiple factors and multiple scales.These regions have abundant solar-heat energy,high evaporation and dramatic temperature change.Moreover,the precipitation in Central Asia is scarce and has extremely uneven distribution,but its value in the western and central parts of the Tianshan Mountains is high.Over the last one hundred years,a warm-wet trend occurred in the Tianshan Mountains.Precipitation in the eastern part (Xinjiang) of Central Asia was significantly increased under the active effects of low value system in Central Asia together with the high,medium and low latitude circulation systems.Currently,the studies are inadequate at the aspects of the regional peculiar circulation system,occurring regularity and formation mechanism of disastrous weathers,high-resolution regional numerical model,effects of land-atmosphere interaction on regional weather and climate change due to the insufficient construction of integrated meteorological observation network.Correspondingly,to carry out these studies is of the essential scientific significance and strategic value for the sustainable social and economic development along the Silk Road Economic Belt.

Key words: weather, synoptic-climatic characteristic, precipitation anomaly, atmospheric circulation, water vapor, Arid Region of Central Asia

杨莲梅, 关学锋, 张迎新. 亚洲中部干旱区降水异常的大气环流特征[J]. 干旱区研究, 2018, 35(2): 249-259.

YANG Lian-mei, GUAN Xue-feng, ZHANG Ying-xin. Atmospheric Circulation Characteristics of Precipitation Anomaly in Arid Regions in Central Asia[J]. Arid Zone Research, 2018, 35(2): 249-259.

参考文献

〔1〕胡汝骥.中国天山自然地理〔M〕.北京:中国环境科学出版社,2004.〔Hu Ruji.Physical Geography of the Tianshan Mountains in China〔M〕.Beijing:China Environment Press,2004.〕
〔2〕陈曦.中国干旱区自然地理〔M〕.北京:科学出版社,2010.〔Chen Xi.Physical Geography of Arid Land in China〔M〕.Beijing:Science Press,2010.〕
〔3〕吉力力·阿不都外力,马龙.中亚环境概论〔M〕.北京:气象出版社,2015.〔Jilili·Abuduwaili,Ma Long.Overview of Central Asian Environments〔M〕.Beijing:Meteorology Press,2015.〕
〔4〕陈发虎,陈建徽,黄伟.中纬度亚洲现代间冰期气候变化的“西风模式”讨论〔J〕.地学前缘,2009,16(6):23-32.〔Chen Fahu,Chen Jianhui,Huang Wei.A discussion on the westerly-dominated climate model in mid-latitude Asia during the modern interglacial period〔J〕.Earth Science Frontiers,2009,16(6):23-32.〕
〔5〕黄伟,陈建徽,张肖剑,等.现代气候条件下降水变化的“西风模态”空间范围及其影响因子初探〔J〕.中国科学:地球科学,2015,45(4):379-388.〔Huang Wei,Chen Jianghui,Zhang Xiaojian,et al.Definition of the core zone of the “westerlies-dominated climatic regime”,and its controlling factors during the instrumental period〔J〕.Scientia Sinica:Terrae,2015,45(4):379-388.〕
〔6〕马柱国,符淙斌.1951—2004年中国北方干旱化的基本事实〔J〕.科学通报,2006,51(20):2 429-2 439.〔Ma Zhuguo,Fu Congbin.Basic facts of aridity in Northern China between 1951 and 2004〔J〕.Chinese Science Bulletin,2006,51(20):2 429-2 439.〕
〔7〕姜大膀,苏明峰,魏荣庆,等.新疆气候的干湿变化及其趋势预估〔J〕.大气科学,2009,33(1):90-98.〔Jiang Dabang,Su Mingfeng,Wei Rongqing ,et al.Variation and projection of drought and wet conditions in Xinjiang〔J〕.Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,2009,33(1):90-98.〕
〔8〕 Chen F H,Chen J H,Holmes J,et al.Moisture changes over the last millennium in arid central Asia:A review,synthesis and comparison with monsoon region〔J〕.Quaternary Science Reviews,2010,29(8):1 055-1 068.
〔9〕周秀骥,赵平,刘舸,等.中世纪暖期、小冰期与现代东亚夏季风环流和降水年代-百年尺度变化特征分析〔J〕.科学通报,2011,56(25):2 060-2 067.〔Zhou Xiuji,Zhao Ping,Liu Ge,et al.Characteristics of decadal-centennial-scale changes in East Asian summer monsoon circulation and precipitation during the medieval warm period and little ice age and in the present day〔J〕.Chinese Science Bulletin,2011,56(25):2 060-2 067.〕
〔10〕陈曦.亚洲中部干旱区生态系统评估与管理:中亚环境概论〔M〕.北京:气象出版社,2015.〔Chen Xi.Series on “Ecosystem Assessment and Management of Arid Region in Central Asia”:Overview of Central Asian Environments〔M〕.Beijing:Meteorology Press,2015.〕
〔11〕新疆地理学会.新疆地理手册〔M〕.乌鲁木齐:新疆人民出版社,1993.〔Xinjiang Geographic Society.Geography Handbook of Xinjiang〔M〕.Urumqi:Volksverlag Xinjiang,1993.〕
〔12〕陈曦,姜逢清,王亚俊,等.亚洲中部干旱区生态地理格局研究〔J〕.干旱区研究,2013,30(3):385-390.〔Chen Xi,Jiang Fengqing,Wang Yajun,et al.Characteristics of the eco-geographical pattern in Arid Land of Central Asia〔J〕.Arid Zone Research,2013,30(3):385-390.〕
〔13〕张家宝,苏起元,孙沈清,等.新疆短期天气预报指导手册〔M〕.乌鲁木齐:新疆人民出版社,1986.〔Zhang Jiabao,Su Qiyuan,Sun Shenqing,et al.Guide Handbook on Xinjiang Short-term Weather Forecast〔M〕.Urumqi:Xinjiang People Press,1986.〕
〔14〕黄秋霞,赵勇,何清.基于CRU资料的中亚地区气候特征〔J〕.干旱区研究,2013,30(3):396-403.〔Huang Qiuxia,Zhao Yong,He Qing.Climatic characteristics in Central Asia based on CRU data〔J〕.Arid Zone Research,2013,30(3):396-403.〕
〔15〕王劲松,陈发虎,靳立亚,等.亚洲中部干旱区在20世纪两次暖期的表现〔J〕.冰川冻土,2008,30(2):224-233.〔Wang Jinsong,Chen Fahu,Jin Liya,et al.The Response to two global warming periods in the 20th century over the Arid Central Asia〔J〕.Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2008,30(2):224-233.〕
〔16〕王劲松,陈发虎,张强,等.亚洲中部干旱半干旱区近100年来的气温变化研究〔J〕.高原气象,2008,27(5):1 035-1 045.〔Wang Jinsong,Chen Fahu,Zhang Qiang,et al.Temperature variations in Arid and Semi-Arid Areas in middle part of Asia during the last 100 years〔J〕.Plateau Meteorology,2008,27(5):1 035-1 045.〕
〔17〕陈发虎,黄伟,靳立亚,等.全球变暖背景下中亚干旱区降水变化特征及其空间差异〔J〕.中国科学:地球科学,2011,41(11):1 647-1 657.〔Chen Fahu,Huang Wei,Jin Liya,et al.Spatiotemporal precipitation variations in the Arid Central Asia in the context of global warming〔J〕.Scientia Sinica:Terrae,2011,41(11):1 647-1 657.〕
〔18〕Chen F,Yuan Y J,Wei W S,et al.Tree ring density-based summer temperature reconstruction for Zajsan Lake area,East Kazakhstan〔J〕. International Journal of Climatology,2012,32(7):1 089-1 097.
〔19〕李湘权,邓铭江,龙爱华,等.吉尔吉斯斯坦水资源及其开发利用〔J〕.地球科学进展,2010,25(12):1 367-1 075.〔Li Xiangquan,Deng Mingjiang,Long Aihua,et al.Analysis of water resources development in Kyrgyzstan and water problems〔J〕.Advances in Earth Science,2010,25(12):1 367-1 375.〕
〔20〕刘晓东.青藏高原隆升对亚洲季风形成和全球气候与环境变化的影响〔J〕.高原气象,1998,18(3):321-331.〔Liu Xiaodong.Influences of Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau up lift on the atmospheric circulation,global climate and environment changes〔J〕.Plateau Meteorology,1998,18(3) :321-331.〕
〔21〕戴新刚,李维京,马柱国.近十几年新疆水汽源地变化特征〔J〕.自然科学进展,2006,16(12):1 651-1 656.〔Dai Xingang,Li Weijing,Ma Zhuguo.The characteristics of variation of Xinjiang water vapor sources in recent years〔J〕.Progress in Natural Science,2006,16(12):1 651-1 656.〕
〔22〕史玉光,孙照渤.新疆水汽输送的气候特征及其变化〔J〕.高原气象,2008,27(2):82-91.〔Shi Yuguang,Sun Zhaobo.Climate characteristics of water vapor transportation and its variation over Xinjiang〔J〕.Plateau Meteorology,2008,27(2):82-91.〕
〔23〕史玉光,杨青,杨莲梅.新疆降水与水汽的时空分布及变化研究〔M〕.北京:气象出版社,2014.〔Shi Yuguang,Yang Qing,Yang Lianmei.Research on Spatiotemporal Distribution and Variety of Precipitation and Water Vapor in Xinjiang〔M〕.Beijing:China Meteorological Press,2014.〕
〔24〕杨莲梅,张庆云.新疆北部汛期降水年际和年代际异常的环流特征〔J〕.地球物理学报,2007,50(2):412-419.〔Yang Lianmei,Zhang Qingyun.Circulation characteristics of interannual and interdecadal anomalies of summer rainfall in North Xinjiang〔J〕.Chinese Journal Geophysics,2007,50(2):412-419.〕
〔25〕杨莲梅,张庆云.新疆夏季降水年际变化与亚洲副热带西风急流〔J〕.应用气象学报,2008,19(2):171-178.〔Yang Lianmei,Zhang Qingyun.Interannual variation of summer precipitation in Xinjiang and Asian subtropical westerly jet stream〔J〕.Journal of Applied Meterological Science,2008,19(2):171-178.〕
〔26〕Huang W,Chen F H,Feng S,et al.Interannual precipitation variations in the mid-latitude Asia and their association with large scale atmospheric circulation〔J〕.Chinese Science Bulletin,2013,58(32):3 962-3 968.
〔27〕Zhao Yong,Huang Anning,Zhou Yang,et al.Impact of the middle and upper troposphere cooling over Central Asia on the summer rainfall in the Tarim Basin,China〔J〕.Journal of Climate,2014,27(12):4 721-4 732.
〔28〕杨莲梅,李霞,张广兴.新疆夏季强降水研究若干进展及问题〔J〕.气候与环境研究,2011,16(2):188-198.〔Yang Lianmei,Li Xia,Zhang Guangxing.Some advances and problems in the study of heavy rain in Xinjiang〔J〕.Climatic and Environmental Research,2011,16(2):188-198.〕
〔29〕陈春艳,孔期,李如琦.天山北坡一次特大暴雨过程诊断分析〔J〕.气象,2012,38(1):72-80.〔Chen Chunyan,Kong Qi,Li Ruqi.Analysis of a major rainstorm in the north slope of Tianshan Mountains〔J〕.Meteorological Monthly,2012,38(1):72-80.〕
〔30〕杨莲梅,张云惠,汤浩.2007年7月新疆三次暴雨过程的水汽特征分析〔J〕.高原气象,2012,31(4):963-973.〔Yang Lianmei,Zhang Yunhui,Tang Hao.Analyses on water vapor characteristics in three heavy rainstorm processes of Xinjiang in July 2007〔J〕.Plateau Meteorology,2012,31(4):963-973.〕
〔31〕张云惠,陈春艳,杨莲梅,等.南疆西部一次罕见暴雨过程的成因分析〔J〕.高原气象,2013,32(1):191-200.〔Zhang Yunhui,Chen Chunyan,Yang Lianmei,et al.Cause analysis on rare rainstorm in west of Southern Xinjiang〔J〕.Plateau Meteorology,2013,32(1):191-200.〕
〔32〕张书萍,祝从文.2009年冬季新疆北部持续性暴雪的环流特征及其成因分析〔J〕.大气科学,2011,35(5):833-846.〔Zhang Shuping,Zhu Congwen.Possible causes of circulation anomalies associated with subsequent snowstorms over the north of Xinjiang during winter 2009〔J〕.Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,2011,35(5):833-846.〕
〔33〕杨莲梅,史玉光,汤浩.新疆北部冬季降水异常成因分析〔J〕.应用气象学报,2010,21(4):491-499.〔Yang Lianmei,Shi Yuguang,Tang Hao.Causes of winter precipitation anomalies in Northern Xinjiang〔J〕.Journal of Applied Meteorological Science,2010,21(4):491-499.〕
〔34〕杨莲梅,刘雯.新疆北部持续性暴雪过程成因分析〔J〕.高原气象,2016,35(2):507-519.〔Yang Lianmei,Liu Wen.Cause analysis of persistent heavy snow processes in the Northern Xinjiang〔J〕.Plateau Meteorology,2016,35(2):507-519.〕
〔35〕施雅风,沈永平,李栋梁,等.中国西北气候由暖干向暖湿转型的特征和趋势探讨〔J〕.第四纪研究,2003,23(2):152-164.〔Shi Yafeng,Shen Yongping,Li Dongliang,et al.Discussion on the present climate change from warm-dry to warm-wet in Northwest China〔J〕.Quaternary Sciences,2003,23(2):152-164.〕
〔36〕Huang Wei,Feng Song,Chen Jianhui,et al.Physical mechanisms of summer precipitation variations in the Tarim Basin in Northwestern China 〔J〕.2015,28(9):3 579-3 591.
〔37〕张云惠,杨莲梅,肖开提·多莱特,等.1971—2010年中亚低涡活动特征〔J〕.应用气象学报,2012,23(3):312-321.〔Zhang Yunhui,Yang Lianmei,Xiaokaiti Duolaite,et al.The Central Asian vortexes activity during 1971-2010〔J〕.Journal of Applied Meteorological Science,23(3):312-321.〕
〔38〕陈活泼,孙建奇,范可.新疆夏季降水年代际转型的归因分析〔J〕.地球物理学报,2012,55(6):1 844-1 851.〔Chen HuoPo,Sun JianQi,Fan Ke.Possible mechanism for the interdecadal change of Xinjiang summer precipitation〔J〕.Chinese Journal Geophysics,2012,55(6):1 844-1 851.〕
〔39〕杨莲梅,张庆云.夏季亚洲副热带西风急流气候特征〔J〕.气候与环境研究,2008,13(1):10-20.〔Yang Lianmei,Zhang Qingyun.Climate features of summer Asia subtropical westerly jet stream〔J〕.Climatic and Environmental Research,2008,13(1):10-20.〕
〔40〕杨莲梅,肖开提·多莱特,张庆云.夏季新疆降水异常与印度降水的关系〔J〕.高原气象,2009,28(3):564-572.〔Yang Lianmei,Xiaokaiti Duolaite,Zhang Qingyun.Relationships between rainfall anomalies in Xinjiang summer and Indian rainfall〔J〕.Plateau Meteorology,2009,28(3):564-572.〕
〔41〕符淙斌,曾昭美.最近530年冬季北大西洋涛动指数与中国东部夏季旱涝指数之联系〔J〕.科学通报,2005,50(14):1 512-1 522.〔Fu Congbin,Zeng Zhaomei.Relationships between north atlantic oscillation index in winter and summer drought/flood index in East China in recent 530 years〔J〕.Chinese Science Bulletin,2005,50(14):1 512-1 522.〕
〔42〕杨莲梅,张庆云.北大西洋涛动对新疆夏季降水异常的影响〔J〕.大气科学,2008,32(5):1 187-1 196.〔Yang Lianmei,Zhang Qingyun.Effects of the north atlantic oscillation on the summer rainfall anomalies in Xinjiang〔J〕.Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,2008,32(5):1 187-1 196.〕
〔43〕Zhao Yong,Zhang Huqiang.Impacts of SST warming in tropical Indian Ocean on CMIP5 model?Projected summer rainfall changes over Central Asia〔J〕.Climate Dynamics,2015,46:3 223-3 238.
〔44〕Zhao Yong,Wang Minzhong,Huang Anning,et al.Relationships between the West Asian subtropical westerly jet and summer precipitation in Northern Xinjiang〔J〕.Theoretical and Applied Climatology,2014,116(3/4):403-411.
〔45〕Qian Yongfu,Zhang Qiong,Yao Yonghong,et al.Seasonal variation and heat preference of the South Asia high〔J〕.Advances in Atmospheric Sciences,2002,19(5):821-836.
〔46〕刘屹岷,吴国雄,刘辉,等.空间非均匀加热对副热带高压形成和变异的影响Ⅲ.凝结潜热加热与南亚高压及西太平洋副高〔J〕.气象学报,1999,57(5):525-538.〔Liu Yimin,Wu Guoxiong,Liu Hui,et al.The effect of spatially nonuniform heating on the formation and variation of subtropical high part Ⅲ:Condensation heating and south Asia high and western pacific subtropical high〔J〕.Acta Meteorologica Sinica,1999,57(5):525-538.〕
〔47〕敖娟,孙建奇.中国西部冬季降水年际与年代际变化的水汽输送差异〔J〕.气候与环境研究,2014,19(4):497-506.〔Ao Juan,Sun Jianqi.Difference of water vapour transportation in the interannual and decadal variations of winter precipitation over Western China〔J〕.Climatic and Environmental Research,2014,19(4):497-506.〕
〔48〕Barnston A G,Livezey R E.Classification,seasonality and persistence of low-frequency atmospheric circulation patterns〔J〕.Monthly Weather Review,1987,115(6):1 083-1 126.
〔49〕Bueh C,Nakamura H.Scandinavian pattern and its climatic impact〔J〕.Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society,2007,133(629):2 117-2 131.
〔50〕布和朝鲁,施宁,纪立人.2000/2001年冬季北欧异常流型形成机理及其对我国北方天气的影响〔J〕.高原气象,2008,27(1):76-83.〔Bueh Cholaw,Shi Ning,Ji Liren.Maintenance mechanism of the Scandinavian pattern in its positive phase during 2000/2001 winter and its influence on the weather over the northern part of China〔J〕.Plateau Meteorology,2008,27(1):76-83.〕

[1]	杜军, 次旺, 黄志诚, 德庆卓嘎. 1981—2024年西藏地区平均风速及其资源时空变化[J]. 干旱区研究, 2025, 42(9): 1549-1562.
[2]	杜军, 高佳佳, 陈涛, 次旺, 巴果卓玛. 1981—2024年雅鲁藏布江流域降水集中度与特征量季节性变化[J]. 干旱区研究, 2025, 42(7): 1159-1172.
[3]	孔祥伟, 李晨蕊, 邸文婧, 杨毅, 付正旭, 杨秀梅. 甘肃河东夏季区域性短时强降水特征[J]. 干旱区研究, 2025, 42(6): 970-980.
[4]	刘精, 郑育琳, 刘艳, 李晗薇. 新疆夏季降水主模态年代际变化及影响因子分析[J]. 干旱区研究, 2025, 42(4): 577-588.
[5]	石霞, 刘维成, 陈晓燕, 黄玉霞, 谭丹, 伍继业. 西北东部一次强降水形成机制及能量来源[J]. 干旱区研究, 2025, 42(4): 600-612.
[6]	衣娜娜, 毕力格, 史金丽, 蔡敏, 许志丽, 郑凤杰, 丽娜. 内蒙古大兴安岭飞机冷云增雨潜势预报模型[J]. 干旱区研究, 2025, 42(3): 409-419.
[7]	杨霞, 杨柳. 昆仑山北坡西段和中段暴雨的特征及差异[J]. 干旱区研究, 2025, 42(2): 202-211.
[8]	马超, 刘艳, 刘晶, 杨莲梅. 塔里木盆地夏季云水资源时空特征[J]. 干旱区研究, 2025, 42(2): 223-235.
[9]	郭娜, 陈伏龙, 王统霞, 吕廷波, 龙爱华. 1979—2022年新疆地区空中水汽变化特征及未来多情景预估[J]. 干旱区研究, 2025, 42(10): 1753-1765.
[10]	迪丽努尔·托列吾别克, 姚俊强, 毛炜峄, 姚梦莹, 马丽云. 库木库里盆地夏季降水年际变化及其与大气环流的联系[J]. 干旱区研究, 2025, 42(10): 1766-1776.
[11]	白松竹, 姚俊强, 马依拉古丽, 李岩瑛, 马幸蔚, 杜江. 吐哈地区沙尘天气时空演变特征及气候影响因子[J]. 干旱区研究, 2025, 42(10): 1791-1801.
[12]	曹译丹, 马敏劲, 康国强, 陈然. 西北一次强沙尘天气的数值模拟及其诊断[J]. 干旱区研究, 2025, 42(1): 1-13.
[13]	田文君, 薛一波, 张小啸, 雷加强, 李生宇, 范敬龙, 张恒. 2021年春季塔里木盆地典型沙尘天气过程气溶胶垂直分布及传输[J]. 干旱区研究, 2025, 42(1): 14-26.
[14]	柏文文, 王尚涛, 倪三川, 贺巨龙, 王春艳, 刘伊丰, 吴淼, 苏宇博, 王凯玉. 黄河源区典型日近地表土壤-植被-水体蒸散发及水汽同位素特征[J]. 干旱区研究, 2025, 42(1): 72-83.
[15]	南宇琨, 刘鹏, 王伟, 陈遗志. 中国地表日平均风与日极大风气候特征的对比[J]. 干旱区研究, 2024, 41(9): 1468-1479.