Table of Content

15 August 2025, Volume 42 Issue 8 Previous Issue    Next Issue

Weather and Climate

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Spatiotemporal evolution characteristics and impacts of extreme precipitation in the Three-North Shelterbelt Forest Program region JIANG Anyao, CHEN Ruishan, ZHENG Lilin, GUO Xiaona, SUN Nansha, LI Yinshuai 2025, 42 (8):  1357-1368.  doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2025.08.01 Abstract ( 11 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF (9311KB) ( 6 )   The Three-North Shelterbelt Forest Program (TNSFP), a major ecological engineering initiative in China, faces growing challenges from shifting precipitation patterns. This study utilizes daily precipitation data from 323 meteorological stations across the TNSFP region. The percentile threshold method was used to define extreme precipitation thresholds, calculate relevant indices, and analyze their spatiotemporal evolution. The results Show that (1) Distinct south-north gradient in annual precipitation, with amounts decreasing from the southeast to the northwest. The spatiotemporal distribution of extreme precipitation is closely linked to topography. (2) Southeastern areas exhibit higher extreme precipitation totals, though these show a declining trend. In contrast, the number of extreme precipitation days and their contribution rate have significantly increased in the northwest. (3) Cluster analysis highlights that the intensification of extreme precipitation is concentrated in specific regions, the southern foothills of the Greater Hinggan Mountains, the Qilian Mountains, and the Tianshan-Altai Mountains. In these areas, extreme precipitation accounts for one-third to one-half of annual rainfall. The likely drivers of this intensification include Arctic warming, westerly belt fluctuations, and topographic uplift: demonstrating the complex interactions between large-scale climate patterns and regional geographic features that shape observed trends. These findings have significant implications for the ongoing management and resilience of the TNSFP. Understanding the spatiotemporal characteristics of extreme precipitation is essential for developing effective strategies. This research provides valuable insights for anticipating future climate impacts and formulating disaster prevention and mitigation measures. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Evolution characteristics of disaster-causing hazard of rainstorm disasters in the upper reaches of the Yellow River under the context of climate warming LI Wanzhi, DUAN Lijun, LIU Zhenlei, QI Menziyi, YU Di, YAO Haijun 2025, 42 (8):  1369-1378.  doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2025.08.02 Abstract ( 3 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF (9403KB) ( 6 )   The incidence of heavy rainfall disasters in the upper reaches of the Yellow River region has increased in recent years due to climate warming, posing risks to the long-term stability and ecological security of the basin. This study analyzed the changing characteristics of heavy rainfall events and the evolving trends of their associated hazards using meteorological observation data from 33 stations in the upper reaches of the Yellow region, spanning from 1961 to 2022. The findings revealed the following: (1) The annual mean temperature for the upper Yellow River region has shown an upward trend, with a warming rate of 0.38 ℃·(10a)-1, and a significant change in mean temperature was observed in 1997. (2) The number and intensity of rainstorm events have increased, with daily maximum precipitation, cumulative precipitation, and the duration of these events decreasing prior to climate warming but significantly increasing thereafter, indicating that rainstorms have become more extreme. (3) Following climate warming, high-risk areas for rainstorm disasters expanded considerably, with areas classified as high-risk, higher-risk, and medium-risk increasing by 1.59%, 11.46%, and 31.64% respectively, whereas low-risk areas decreased by 44.69%. The high-risk areas are primarily located in the northeast, where population density and economic activity are significant. The results of this research can inform strategies for the prevention and management of local rainstorm disasters. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Assessment of the applicability of CLDAS and GPM precipitation data for precipitation in Qinghai Province SHEN Yanling, CAO Xiaomin, MA Yuancang, WANG Zhenhai 2025, 42 (8):  1379-1383.  doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2025.08.03 Abstract ( 6 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF (18591KB) ( 1 )   Based on summer hourly station observations in Qinghai from 2005 to 2021, this study evaluated the accuracy of China Meteorological Administration Land Data Assimilation System (CLDAS) and Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) precipitation data across multiple dimensions, including temporal scales, diurnal variation, and elevation impacts. The results showed that: CLDAS outperformed GPM in overall accuracy. Both systems tended to overestimate the amount and frequency of light precipitation but underestimate these metrics for heavy precipitation. CLDAS better captured diurnal variations in precipitation amount/frequency and elevation-dependent patterns than GPM. However, CLDAS exhibited abnormally high values near major lakes. Correlations with elevation strengthened progressively for both products with increasing altitude, with CLDAS exhibiting a more significant trend in correlation enhancement. GPM overestimated the amount and frequency of precipitation at low elevations but underestimated these metrics at high elevations. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Temporal and spatial variation characteristics of extreme precipitation in the eastern Hexi Corridor YANG Xiaoling, CHEN Jing, ZHAO Huihua, MA Zhonghua, WU Wen 2025, 42 (8):  1394-1403.  doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2025.08.04 Abstract ( 6 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF (8246KB) ( 6 )   Extreme precipitation events have increased significantly with global climate warming, leading to serious floods and other natural disasters. Studying extreme precipitation events is conducive to providing forecasts and early warnings, predicting extreme precipitation, and assessing disaster prevention capacity. Using daily precipitation data from five meteorological stations in the eastern Hexi Corridor, Gansu Province, China during 1961-2023, various indices were used to first study the long-term trends of extreme precipitation with climate change in this region and then qualitatively evaluate the contribution of precipitation of different grades to total precipitation using the inverse distance weight interpolation method, linear tendency method, Pearson correlation coefficient, and cosine similarity coefficient. The results illustrated that: (1) Extreme precipitation indices increased from north to south in the eastern Hexi Corridor, and southern mountainous areas and alpine mountainous areas were identified as high value areas of extreme precipitation. (2) All extreme precipitation indices increased over time, and the climate tendency rates of total precipitation, moderate rain and above precipitation, and strong precipitation were greater than those of the other precipitation indices. The increases of the other extreme precipitation indices were significant, excluding the intensity of moderate rain and above precipitation. (3) Total precipitation exhibited significant positive correlations with the other precipitation indices, and strong precipitation and moderate rain and above precipitation exhibited greater correlation coefficients with total precipitation than did the other precipitation indices. The trend similarity coefficients between total precipitation and the other precipitation indices all exceeded 0.980. These findings indicate that various precipitation indices had positive contributions to total precipitation, with strong precipitation and moderate rain and above precipitation having greater contributions to total precipitation than the other indices. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Macroscopic characterization of clouds in the Ili River Valley based on laser ceilometer observations LI Zimeng, YANG Lianmei, Abuduwaili ABULIKEMU 2025, 42 (8):  1404-1414.  doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2025.08.05 Abstract ( 3 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF (8072KB) ( 6 )   Based on laser ceilometer observations from 2022 to 2023 at two stations, Xinyuan and Yining, in the Ili River Valley region, Xinjiang, China, this study statistically analyzed and compared cloud frequency (CF), number of cloud layers, and cloud base height occurrence frequency (CBHOF), incorporating topographic and climatic features. Precipitation clouds were further categorized using raindrop spectral data. The results indicated that the following: (1) Both stations exhibited significant commonalities in cloud macroscopic characteristics. The daily variation in CF at the two stations followed a single-peak pattern, with less cloud cover during the daytime and more cloud cover at night. This diurnal pattern was more pronounced in summer owing to the marked solar radiation variability. The annual average CF remained approximately 35% at both sites, With high-level CF consistently low throughout the year. Increased midlevel cloud cover and reduced low-level clouds during summer, coupled with intensified evapotranspiration, may drive seasonal drought prevalence. Low-level clouds slightly dominated from November to March. (2) Differences in macroscopic cloud properties between the two stations were primarily modulated by water vapor transport regimes and topographic forcing. Both sites predominantly featured single-layer clouds. However, with abundant water vapor and orographic uplift, the Xinyuan station exhibited a higher propensity for generating double-and multi-layer clouds than that of the Yining station. CBHOF exhibited significant seasonal variation: minimal changes occurred during spring and autumn, summer was dominated by mid-level clouds, and winter was characterized by concentrated low clouds with significant peak height differences between the two stations owing to topographic and moisture transport effects. (3) The eastern Ili River Valley received more precipitation than the west, with stratiform precipitation greatly exceeding convective precipitation. Convective clouds at the Xinyuan station exhibited stronger vertical growth and intensity than those at the Yining station, attributed to localized orographic lifting. In contrast, stratiform clouds exhibited similar characteristics at both stations, indicating that topography exerted negligible differential influence on their formation. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Plant Ecology

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Effects of quercetin and kaempferol on seed germination and seedling growth in Apocynum pictum Schrenk under salt stress JI Yuchen, ZHAO Xueqing, ZHAO Bing, JIANG Li 2025, 42 (8):  1415-1425.  doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2025.08.06 Abstract ( 2 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF (16266KB) ( 0 )   This study examined the effects of soaking Apocynum pictum Schrenk seeds in different concentrations of kaempferol (KAE) and quercetin (QR) on seed germination and seedling growth under salt stress. The experimental results demonstrated that both treatments effectively alleviated salt stress in A. pictum, significantly promoting seed germination and seedling growth while enhancing antioxidant enzyme activities. The optimal concentration for salt stress mitigation was 400 μmol·L−1 for KAE and 200 μmol·L−1 for QR. Notably, 200 μmol·L−1 QR and 100 μmol·L−1 KAE maximally stimulated seed germination, whereas 200 μmol·L−1 KAE displayed superior performance in promoting radicle elongation, stimulating fresh weight accumulation, and enhancing, and photosynthetic pigment content in seedlings. Through comprehensive evaluation using membership function analysis, treatment of A. pictum seeds with 200 μmol·L−1 QR or 400 μmol·L−1 KAE for 12 h was identified as the most effective protocol for improving both seed germination and seedling growth parameters under salt stress. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Transpiration and water consumption characteristics of Tamarix ramosissima in the Ulan Buh Desert and their relationship with environmental factors YUAN Zixuan, XIN Zhiming, CHENG Yiben, YU Tao, LIU Yuxuan 2025, 42 (8):  1426-1436.  doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2025.08.07 Abstract ( 3 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF (10450KB) ( 4 )   To clarify the dynamic characteristics of transpiration and water consumption of Tamarix ramosissima under the condition of limited water resources in the Ulan Buh Desert area and their relationship with environmental factors, this study monitored the sap flow rate of T. ramosissima planted in the Ulan Buh Desert area and simultaneously monitored environmental factors such as meteorological factors and soil moisture. The following results were obtained: (1) During the growing season, the sap flow rate of T. ramosissima first increased and then decreased. The cumulative sap flow rate was 50.96 kg, and the average daily sap flow rate was 380.27 g, with noticeable seasonal variation characteristics. (2) Obvious differences were detected in the diurnal variation of T. ramosissima under different weather conditions. The sap flow rate was higher on sunny days than on cloudy days. On rainy days, the sap flow rate of T. ramosissima decreased significantly during the rainfall period. On consecutive typical sunny days, T. ramosissima exhibited obvious transpiration phenomenon at night, and the liquid flow rate during the day was approximately 8.60 times the liquid flow rate at night. (3) Overall, there is a statistically significant strong positive correlation between the sap flow rate of T. ramosissima and the soil water content at 100 cm depth, vapor pressure deficit, and photosynthetically active radiation; however, the correlation coefficient suggests that the actual association strength may be relatively low. This might be because T. ramosissima has adapted relatively well to the local arid environment and shows strong ecological adaptability. These results can provide data support for the efficient utilization of ecological water resource replenishment in arid sandy areas, the gradient configuration of sand-fixing vegetation and ecological sustainable management. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Characterizations and functions of microbial communities in lakes in the Qaidam Basin XIE Yanqin, WANG Dandan, HUANG Yuefei, JIA Haichao, YIN Hengzhi, LI Borong, GAO Yinxuan 2025, 42 (8):  1437-1450.  doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2025.08.08 Abstract ( 2 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF (13730KB) ( 1 )   Assessments of microbial community structure and function in lake sediments are critical for understanding the stability of lake ecosystems and biogeochemical cycles. This study applied high-throughput sequencing technology to analyze the structural characteristics, driving factors, interactions, assembly processes, and potential functions of bacterial and fungal communities in sediments from four typical lakes in the Qaidam Basin, Qinghai Province, China. The results showed: (1) The diversity and abundance of bacterial and fungal communities were highest in the sediments of Keluke Lake. However, the Kruskal-Wallis test illustrated that the differences in the alpha diversity indices of bacterial and fungal communities in the lake sediments were not significant (P>0.05). (2) The dominant bacterial phylum in the sampled lake sediments was Firmicutes (3.06%-57.58%), whereas the dominant fungal phylum was Ascomycota (10.12%-97.51%). Total Phosphorus was the most significant driving factor for bacterial community structure, whereas longitude was the most significant driving factor for fungal community structure. The interactions between bacterial and fungal communities were predominantly positive (96.05%). (3) The assembly process of bacterial communities was dominated by dispersal limitation (59.09%), whereas that of fungal communities was dominated by drift and other processes (80.10%). Functional prediction indicated that bacterial communities were mainly involved in amino acid transport and metabolism, whereas fungal communities mainly participated in degrading organic matter and decomposing dead host cells. This study provides basic data support for the excavation of lake microbial resources in the Qaidam Basin and offers a scientific basis for the ecological environment protection and restoration of lakes in this region. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Characterization of soil carbon fractions in typical sand-fixing vegetation at the southern edge of the Tengger Desert SHI Linqi, MA Quanlin, MA Rui, DUAN Xiaofeng, WEI Linyuan 2025, 42 (8):  1451-1462.  doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2025.08.09 Abstract ( 5 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF (6823KB) ( 5 )   Soil carbon fractions are key for maintaining ecosystem functions. To reveal the variation characteristics and influencing factors of soil carbon fractions in arid sandy ecosystems, this study examined natural (Zygophyllum xanthoxylon, Krascheninnikovia ceratoides, and Artemisia ordosica) and artificial (Corethrodendron scoparium) sand-fixing vegetations on the southern margin of the Tengger Desert, Northwest China. A comparative analysis was conducted to assess the vertical distribution characteristics of soil inorganic carbon (SIC), soil organic carbon (SOC), labile organic carbon (LOC), slowly cycling organic carbon (SCOC), inert organic carbon (IOC), light fraction organic carbon (LFOC), and heavy fraction organic carbon (HFOC) across the 0-100 cm soil profile. Further, soil physicochemical properties were analyzed to identify key driving factors affecting soil carbon fractions. (1) All soil carbon fractions followed the content order: C. scoparium>K. ceratoides>Z. xanthoxylon>A. ordosica, with the overall abundance ranked as SIC>SOC>HFOC>IOC>SCOC>LOC>LFOC. (2) Carbon fractions exhibited significant vertical differentiation across vegetation types. SIC content increased with soil depth, whereas SOC and its fractions (except A. Ordosica) were epimerized. Moreover, in A. Ordosica, SOC and its fractions of peaked at the 20-40 cm soil layer. All soil carbon fractions showed highly significant positive correlations. (3) Soil pH and bulk density were negatively correlated with carbon fractions, whereas total nitrogen, total phosphorus, slow-release potassium, and available potassium were key factors influencing carbon fractions. In conclusion, soil carbon fractions in these arid sand-fixing vegetation predominantly comprised SIC (75.48%). Artificial C. scoparium vegetation exhibited higher overall soil carbon content than that of natural vegetation. By increasing stable carbon fractions (HFOC, IOC, and SCOC) and improving surface-layer carbon sequestration, artificial sand-fixing vegetation significantly improved the desert soil carbon pool stability and sequestration potential. These findings underscore the critical importance of strengthening surface soil conservation and establishing artificial sand-fixing forests for effective ecological restoration in desert regions. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Differences in the nutrient and microbial diversity of rhizosphere soil between wild and cultivated Lycium ruthenicum SHI Xiujuan, LI Weiwei, ZHAO Ruiming 2025, 42 (8):  1463-1472.  doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2025.08.10 Abstract ( 1 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF (8285KB) ( 0 )   To analyze the differences in physicochemical properties and microbial diversity of rhizosphere soil between wild and cultivated Lycium ruthenicum plants in different habitats, and to provide a theoretical foundation for optimizing cultivation strategies. This rhizosphere soils of wild and cultivated L. ruthenicum plants in Nuomuhong, Qinghai was analyzed by high-throughput sequencing and soil physicochemical analysis to compare total nutrient content [total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), total potassium (TK)], soil organic carbon (SOC), and microbial community composition. Redundancy analysis (RDA) and functional prediction were employed to elucidate microbe-soil factor interactions. The results showed: (1) Wild plants exhibited significantly higher TK (P<0.001) and SOC (P<0.05) content in rhizosphere soil than cultivated plants, whereas TN and TP did not significantly differ between the groups. pH was 0.74 lower in wild plants than in cultivated plants (P<0.05). (2) Microbial community analysis revealed that the rhizosphere soil of wild plants exhibited higher a relative abundance of Actinobacteriota, Chloroflexi, and Ascomycota than cultivated plants. Conversely, cultivated plants displayed higher relative abundance of Proteobacteria, Acidobacteriota, Mortierellomycota, and Chytridiomycota. (3) RDA illustrated that microbial alpha diversity in wild plants was positively correlated with TN, TP, TK, and SOC but negatively correlated with pH, whereas the opposite trends were observed in cultivated plants. (4) Functional prediction indicated higher saprotrophic fungal functional abundance in wild plants, whereas cultivated plants exhibited enriched plant pathogen functions. These findings provide a scientific basis for the scaled cultivation of L. ruthenicum and the ecological restoration of degraded habitats. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Ecology and Environment

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Spatial distribution and factors influencing “three nitrogen” in groundwater in the oasis area of the Turpan Basin ZHAO Xiaoyu, JIANG Feng, ZHOU Jinlong, ZHOU Yinzhu, DING Qizhen 2025, 42 (8):  1473-1487.  doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2025.08.11 Abstract ( 3 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF (14517KB) ( 7 )   Groundwater plays an essential role in supporting economic development in the oasis region of the Turpan Basin, Xinjiang, China. However, pollution by the “three nitrogen” compounds (NO3--N, NO2--N, and NH4+-N) poses a certain degree of environmental and health risks to local residents. Based on the analysis results of 54 groundwater samples collected in 2023, this study investigates the spatial distribution and factors influencing the “three nitrogen” forms using mathematical statistics, the APCS-MLR model, hydrochemical correlation analysis, ion ratio analysis, and spatial interpolation methods. The results revealed the following: (1) Groundwater in the study area was generally neutral to weakly alkaline and primarily comprised fresh water. The over-standard rate for NO3--N was 35.56%, whereas NO2--N and NH4+-N concentrations did not exceed the standard. Horizontally, NO3--N concentrations increased gradually from northwest to southeast. Vertically, excessive NO3--N was mainly concentrated in unconfined shallow waters at depths of 60-100 m and in confined shallow groundwater at depths of 20-55 m. (2) The “three nitrogen” species in groundwater were derived from different pollution sources. The APCS-MLR analysis indicated that NO3--N was predominantly associated with anthropogenic activities (47.56%), NO2--N was mainly affected by natural conditions (62.47%), and NH4+-N was largely related to alkaline and reducing environments (55.73%). (3) The primary factors influencing the spatial distribution of the “three nitrogen” compounds included human activities, hydrochemical environment, groundwater table depth, and the lithology of the vadose zone. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Landscape ecological risk and driving factors in the Jinghe River Basin based on geodetector analysis LIU Fenglian, LUO Qinqin, YANG Bowen, CHEN Hongmin, GAO Ziyi 2025, 42 (8):  1488-1500.  doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2025.08.12 Abstract ( 6 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF (19664KB) ( 16 )   The ecological security of the Jinghe River Basin, a crucial component of the ecological barrier in northwest China, is of paramount importance. This study constructed a landscape ecological risk assessment model using land use data and landscape pattern indices to evaluate the dynamic characteristics of landscape ecological risk evolution in the Jinghe River Basin. Key driving factors affecting this risk were identified through geodetector analysis. The results revealed the following: (1) Cultivated land and grassland are the predominant landscape types in the basin, with frequent mutual transfer between the two. In addition, the construction land has shown a continuous expansion trend, increasing by a total of 394.5 km2 during the study period. (2) Medium-risk areas account for over 41% of the landscape ecological risk types in the Jinghe River Basin. High- and medium-high-risk areas are primarily located along the Jinghe River network, particularly concentrated in the middle and southeastern flat terrain, together constituting about one-tenth of the basin area. Low-risk areas are predominantly found in the eastern and southwestern parts of the basin, where human interference is minimal. (3) Throughout the study period, more than 80% of the basin’s areas maintained stable risk levels, contributing to a reduction in the overall landscape ecological risk. (4) The main driving factors influencing landscape ecological risk include average annual temperature, GDP density, and elevation. The interaction between average annual temperature, average annual precipitation, and other influencing factors has significant effects on landscape ecological risk. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Coordinated development and multi-scenario simulation of land use intensity and carbon emissions in Xinjiang GUAN Yiheng, MENG Mei, YANG Songxiao, LI Daqiang 2025, 42 (8):  1501-1513.  doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2025.08.13 Abstract ( 5 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF (13454KB) ( 0 )   Exploring the synergistic relationship between land-use intensity and carbon emissions in arid regions with fragile ecological foundations is of practical significance for optimizing the allocation of regional land resources and achieving “dual carbon” goals. Based on land use and energy consumption data from 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, and 2020, this study employs a land-use carbon emission accounting model, coordination degree model, FLUS model, and Gray Forecast Model to explore the spatiotemporal differentiation and coordinated development level of land-use intensity and carbon emissions in Xinjiang and areas with elevation <1500 m above sea level. Furthermore, the study simulates evolution trends under four scenarios in 2030. The results show that:(1) From 2000 to 2020, the land-use intensity index of Xinjiang increased by 3.2, whereas in areas with elevation <1500 m above sea level, it increased by 4.5, indicating a faster growth rate in these areas. (2) From 2000 to 2020, land-use carbon emissions in Xinjiang increased by 1.70×108 t, with more than 95% of the total emissions originating from areas below 1500 m. Moreover, high-emission zones exhibited a significant spillover effect on adjacent low-emission zones. (3) From 2000 to 2020, the coordination coefficient between land-use intensity and carbon emissions in areas with elevation <1500 m above sea level was consistently higher than that of the whole Xinjiang, although this primarily reflected an extensive balance of “high development-high emissions”. (4) Projections for 2030 indicate that under the Ecological Protection Scenario, a better balance between development and reduction in carbon emission could be achieved through the expansion of ecological land. In contrast, the Strategic Development Scenario would yield the largest carbon emission increment, reflecting continued economic reliance on energy consumption. These findings indicate the need for Xinjiang to further integrate economic development with ecological conservation strategies to effectively achieve sustainable development. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Exploration on sand control efficiency of two structure high vertical reed sandfences and its application optimization WANG Xingang, YIN Xiang, XIE Longzhi, ZHANG Xiaojun, TONG Jiangfeng, TAN Jing 2025, 42 (8):  1514-1524.  doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2025.08.14 Abstract ( 2 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF (21598KB) ( 4 )   In the “Desert-Gobi-Desertification” region of northwest China, the transmission lines are confronted with severe wind-sand disasters, which pose a threat to the safe operation of the power grid. In power transmission lines, upright bar and bundle reed sandfences are commonly employed as sand barriers. It has been discovered that these two distinct reed sand barrier structures exhibit different sand control effects. To explore the differences in the wind-sand prevention effectiveness of the two structural sandfences, the flow field characteristics and sand accumulation patterns of the two sandfences under different wind speeds were analyzed through a combination of numerical simulation and wind tunnel testing. The results indicate that the bar sandfence generates strong viscous resistance and demonstrates a better wind prevention effect. Its sand blocking efficiency is higher than that of the bundle sandfence. However, the accumulated sand is distributed close to the sand barrier and is prone to being buried. The bundle sandfence has a smaller windproof range, but the sand accumulation is distributed in areas far from itself, and its resistance to sand burial is remarkable. Based on these findings, a differentiated layout scheme is proposed: The bundle sandfence is utilized to extend the service life in the dominant wind erosion area, while the bar sandfence is used to enhance the sand blocking effect in areas with severe sand accumulation. These results provide a basis for the optimized design of sand control engineering for desert transmission lines. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Agricultural Ecology

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Effects of environmental factors on anthocyanin accumulation in Lycium ruthenicum from various provenances LI Jinhui, HU Jing, JIN Hongxi, WANG Qi, YAO Ze 2025, 42 (8):  1525-1535.  doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2025.08.15 Abstract ( 0 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF (6737KB) ( 0 )   Anthocyanins are potent free radical scavengers that help plants adapt to extreme environmental stresses and have important nutritional and medicinal value for humans. Studying the effect of habitat conditions on the variation in germplasm in Lycium ruthenicum can provides an important scientific basis for artificial breeding and germplasm innovation. L. ruthenicum collected from various provenances was used as the research object. Analytical methods, including structural equation model (SEM), principal component analysis, and linear regression analysis, were used to explore the effects of space, climate, and soil factors on anthocyanin accumulation in L. ruthenicum fruits. The results showed that: (1) The accumulation of anthocyanin in L. ruthenicum fruits increased significantly as altitude increased (P<0.01); altitude mainly influenced climate (β=−0.99, P<0.001) and soil total phosphorus (β=−0.90, P<0.001). (2) The accumulation of anthocyanin in wild L. ruthenicum fruits was mainly influenced by climatic factors, and the artificial cultivation of L. ruthenicum fruits was mainly influenced by soil total phosphorus. (3) The important climatic factors influencing anthocyanin accumulation in L. ruthenicum were diurnal temperature range (DTR), mean temperature of driest quarter (MTDQ), mean annual precipitation (MAP), and solar radiation. Therefore, environmental factors influencing the anthocyanin accumulation in L. ruthenicum depend on the provenance. Thus, when regulating and improving anthocyanin accumulation, it is necessary to adjust measures to local conditions and develop improvement measures to suit the corresponding environmental driving factors. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of organic fertilization measures on potato water consumption characteristics and water use efficiency: A case study from the rainfed agricultural region at the northern foot of Yinshan Mountain, Inner Mongolia ZHANG Le, HAN Yunfei, LI Baocheng, DU Erxiao, ZHANG Peng, BAI Zichen, WANG Yanli, ZHAO Peiyi, REN Yongfeng 2025, 42 (8):  1536-1548.  doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2025.08.16 Abstract ( 1 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF (5018KB) ( 4 )   Aiming at the problems of low water use efficiency of crops and poor water retention capacity of soil in dry farming area in the northern foot of Yinshan Mountain, the optimization scheme of soil water storage and crop water consumption of potato by organic fertilization and soil improvement management measures in dry farming area was explored. Through two years of field randomized block experiment, four treatments were setup: traditional fertilization (CK), chemical fertilizer reduction combined with sheep manure (NPK+SD), chemical fertilizer reduction combined with biochar (NPK+B), and chemical fertilizer reduction combined with microbial fertilizer (NPK+MF). The effects of chemical fertilizer reduction combined with organic fertilizer on promoting potato growth and development, optimizing water consumption ratio at growth stage and improving water use efficiency were analyzed. The results showed that the dry matter accumulation of NPK+MF treatment reached the maximum at the starch accumulation stage, which was significantly increased by 41.58% compared with CK. The NPK+MF treatment increased the soil moisture content of 0-60 cm, increased the soil water storage, and increased the water consumption of potato growth period by 6.56%. The water consumption of potato stage reached the maximum at the tuber formation-expansion stage. The average water consumption, water consumption modulus and water consumption intensity of NPK+MF treatment were significantly lower than those of CK by14.61%, 21.84% and 14.60%, respectively.The average water consumption, water consumption modulus coefficient and water consumption intensity of NPK+MF treatment were significantly increased by 9.17%, 3.34% and 9.17% compared with CK in the tuber formation-expansion stage. Compared with CK, the average single potato weight, single plant tuber weight and commodity potato rate of NPK+MF treatment were significantly increased by 15.42%, 25.57% and 29.67%, respectively. Compared with CK, the yield, water use efficiency and economic benefit of NPK+MF treatment were significantly increased by 25.52%, 17.81% and 30.59%, respectively. Compared with NPK+SD treatment, the yield, water use efficiency and economic benefit of NPK+MF treatment were significantly increased by 13.26%, 8.72% and 14.41%, respectively. Compared with NPK+B treatment, they were significantly increased by 12.26%, 8.42% and 7.52%, respectively. In conclusion, in potato production at the northern foot of the Yinshan Mountain region of Inner Mongolia, the strategy of reducing chemical fertilizer application combined with microbial fertilizer not only regulates the water consumption ratio across potato growth stages, partially alleviating the water demand pressure during the late growth period, but also enhances yield per unit of water consumption. This approach represents an effective soil fertility management solution for the region. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics