河套灌区农田地下水化学特征与不同地类水盐迁移

doi:10.13866/j.azr.2024.11.15

Abstract

Abstract:

In this study, we aimed to investigate the chemical characteristics of groundwater in farmland within Hetao Irrigation District, focusing on deep water conservation and the relationship between water and salt migration among various types of farmland. Typical irrigated farmland in Hetao Irrigation District was selected as the study area, and an analysis was conducted on shallow groundwater ions and changes in groundwater levels using classical statistics, principal component analysis, and the principle of solute dynamics. The main factors affecting groundwater quality were identified, and the changes in soil ions before and after crop cultivation were examined. Furthermore, the contribution of groundwater to salt accumulation across different types of farmland was quantified, and a water-salt equilibrium model was developed using the locational flux method. The results revealed the following: (1) Shallow groundwater cations were dominated by Na⁺+K⁺, constituting 53.22% of total cations, while anions were dominated by SO₄^2-, making up 41.04% of total anions; thus, the principal chemical type of groundwater was classified as HCO₃·SO₄-Na, with key factors affecting groundwater quality identified as Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Na⁺+K⁺, HCO₃^-, and SO₄^2- through principal component analysis. (2) Salt accumulation before and after crop cultivation was mainly comprised of NaCl and Na₂SO₄. (3) Evapotranspiration (ET) varied across different types of fields, with measurements of 422.6 mm for wasteland, 475.6 mm for sunflower fields, and 625.8 mm for maize fields. (4) Maize, sunflower, and wasteland soils exhibited salt accumulation, with horizontal infiltration contributing 1924 kg·hm^-2 of salt to wasteland, accounting for 22.00% of total salt accumulation. (5) There is a salt transition zone between wasteland and arable land, indicating the planting of salt-tolerant cash crops, such as sunflower, near wasteland to mitigate crop yield reductions due to high salinity levels. This study offers valuable insights into the efficient use of local water resources, soil salinity management, and sustainable agricultural development.

Key words: wasteland, soil salinity, groundwater recharge, salt ions, groundwater depth, dry drainage salinity, Hetao Irrigation District

HOU Cong, SHI Haibin, MIAO Qingfeng, HU Zhiyuan, ZHAO Yi, YU Cuicui, YAN Yan, FAN Liquan, ZHANG Tao. Chemical characteristics of groundwater and water-salt transport in different land classes in the Hetao Irrigation District[J].Arid Zone Research, 2024, 41(11): 1956-1968.

Figures/Tables 16

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土地类型	土层深度/cm	砂粒/%	黏粒/%	粉粒/%	土壤类型	土壤容重/（g·cm^-3）	田间持水率/%	饱和含水率/%
葵花	0~10	0.32	0.06	0.62	粉砂壤土	1.6	28.66	34.37
	10~20	0.18	0.1	0.72	粉砂壤土	1.54	27.67	36.16
	20~40	0.29	0.07	0.64	粉砂壤土	1.51	26.72	32.92
	40~60	0.03	0.16	0.81	粉砂壤土	1.5	29.23	34.13
	60~80	0.06	0.16	0.78	粉砂壤土	1.5	32.72	37.92
	80~100	0.3	0.06	0.64	粉砂壤土	1.47	33.27	40.36
玉米	0~10	0.23	0.06	0.7	粉砂壤土	1.58	27.17	32.63
	10~20	0.18	0.08	0.74	粉砂壤土	1.52	29.72	33.79
	20~40	0.18	0.06	0.76	粉砂壤土	1.47	31.11	35.53
	40~60	0.17	0.04	0.79	粉砂壤土	1.48	31.32	35.64
	60~80	0.36	0.03	0.61	粉砂壤土	1.51	36.07	40.73
	80~100	0.17	0.05	0.78	粉砂壤土	1.49	33.06	38.91
荒地	0~10	0.19	0.05	0.76	粉砂壤土	1.67	31.87	39.29
	10~20	0.2	0.05	0.75	粉砂壤土	1.49	28.48	34.49
	20~40	0.1	0.04	0.85	粉土	1.48	27.89	33.57
	40~60	0.08	0.05	0.88	粉土	1.45	33.33	39.33
	60~80	0.07	0.06	0.87	粉土	1.56	30.28	36.46
	80~100	0.05	0.07	0.87	粉土	1.51	31.37	39.07

作物	灌溉事件	灌溉日期	灌水定额/mm	灌溉总额/mm
向日葵	第1水	5月18日	150	150
玉米	第2水	6月27日	110	390
	第3水	7月17日	150
	第4水	8月5日	130

测定指标	CO₃^2-	HCO₃^-	Cl^-	Ca²⁺	Mg²⁺	SO₄^2-	Na⁺+K⁺	TDS	pH
最小值/（mg·L^-1）	0	24	160	36	39	208	130	1021	7.80
最大值/（mg·L^-1）	84	1355	808	285	314	1328	579	3057	8.56
平均值/（mg·L^-1）	31	407	324	160	102	531	298	1372	7.97
标准差/（mg·L^-1）	19	313	118	57	52	227	111	356	0.36
变异系数/%	0.61	0.77	0.37	0.36	0.51	0.43	0.37	0.26	0.04

主成分	特征值	贡献率/%	累计贡献率/%
PCA1	3.08	38.50	38.50
PCA2	2.01	25.17	63.67
PCA3	1.04	13.04	76.71

土地类型	降水量/mm	水平渗入量/mm	地下水补给量/mm	灌溉量/mm	渗漏量/mm	储水变化量/mm	腾发量/mm
荒地	52.9	79.6	186.7	0	0	-103.4	422.6
葵花	52.9	39.3	132.3	150	67.3	-168.4	475.6
玉米	52.9	19.8	167.6	390	152	-147.5	625.8

Chemical characteristics of groundwater and water-salt transport in different land classes in the Hetao Irrigation District

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土地类型	灌溉引入盐量/（kg·hm^-2）	水平渗入盐量/（kg·hm^-2）	地下水补给盐量/（kg·hm^-2）	盐分总积累量/（kg·hm^-2）
荒地	0	1924	6825	8749
葵花地	945	1467	4982	7394
玉米地	2457	-2585	4502	4374

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