荒漠绿洲扩张区土壤微生物群落和多功能性的时效累积效应——以张掖绿洲为例

doi:10.13866/j.azr.2025.09.06

Abstract

Abstract:

Over the past 50 years, the population in the arid regions of Northwest China has rapidly increased, accompanied by the expansion of farmland and shrubland at the edge of desert oases. However, few studies have examined the succession and multifunctionality of soil microbial communities in the desert oasis expansion area. This study aimed to elucidate the ecological mechanisms underlying soil microbiome evolution and ecosystem functioning in arid land reclamation systems. We systematically investigated the spatiotemporal dynamics of soil microbial communities (bacteria and fungi: 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid and internal transcribed spacer amplicon sequencing) and their functional relationships with the physicochemical properties of soil (nutrients, pH, electrical conductivity, moisture), enzymatic activities (C-, N-, P-cycling), and multifunctionality across a chronosequence (5-30 years) of cultivated farmlands and Haloxylon ammodendron plantations in the Zhangye oasis expansion zone of Hexi Corridor. The results indicated that over a reclamation period of 30 years, the multifunctionality of farmland soil first increased then decreased, reaching a maximum value at 10 years and exhibiting a significantly decreased value at 20 years (P<0.05). Conversely, the soil multifunctionality of Haloxylon ammodendron plantations increased with time, reaching its maximum value at 30 years. In the farmland, the fungal community changed more significantly than the bacterial community. Soil multifunctionality was significantly negatively correlated with relative abundance of pathotrophic fungi in the community (r=-0.655, P<0.01) but positively correlated with α-diversity (r=0.508, P<0.05) and network complexity (r=0.645, P<0.05). Principal component analysis identified fungal pathogens as the primary factor influencing farmland soil multifunctionality. The contribution of the bacterial community to changes in soil multifunctionality was stronger in shrubland than in farmland. Multifunctionality was significantly positively correlated with both α-diversity (r=0.546, P<0.001) and network complexity of the bacterial community (r=0.542, P<0.001), and these two were the primary factors influencing shrubland soil multifunctionality. The results of this study provide a scientific basis for the sustainable development of farmland and shrubland and the management of soil health in desert oasis expansion zones.

Key words: desert-oasis expansion zone, farmland, shrubland, bacteria, fungi, soil multifunctionality, time-dependent cumulative effect

ZHAO Lina, LI Yuda, GOU Qianqian, WANG Guohua, QU Jianjun. Cumulative effects of time on soil microbial community and multifunctionality in a desert oasis expansion area: A case study of the Zhangye oasis[J].Arid Zone Research, 2025, 42(9): 1612-1627.

Figures/Tables 15

Tab. 1

Tab. 2

Fig. 1

Tab. 3

Tab. 4

Relative abundance of dominant bacteria and fungi in farmland and woodland at phylum level of different ages"

	OTU		隶属	农田相对丰度/%				林地相对丰度/%
	OTU		隶属	5 a	10 a	20 a	30 a	隶属	5 a	10 a	20 a	30 a
细菌		1	Proteobacteria	67.72±15.77	69.05±10.33	75.12±10.82	88.16±6.23	Proteobacteria	37.52±3.01	36.20±1.98	31.97±1.83	34.02±1.58
		2	Bacteroidetes	10.06±3.75	8.40±1.97	16.07±6.32	4.78±3.54	Actinobacteria	18.86±2.60ab	23.30±2.98a	14.74±2.07b	19.86±1.07ab
		3	Actinobacteria	5.04±2.23	10.05±5.80	4.27±2.32	1.77±0.93	Bacteroidetes	14.02±1.87a	11.21±1.55a	13.02±1.54a	4.73±1.62b
		4	Acidobacteria	4.67±4.67	3.68±3.65	0.12±0.05	0.03±0.01	Gemmatimo- nadetes	6.15±1.27c	7.33±1.91bc	15.00±1.64a	10.39±1.10b
		5	Firmicutes	7.08±7.07	0.57±0.37	0.30±0.11	0.10±0.05	Acidobacteria	7.04±1.71b	7.20±1.04b	9.34±1.37ab	12.87±1.76a
		6	Gemmatimon- adetes	2.16±2.16	3.60±3.60	0.03±0.01	0.01±0.01	Chloroflexi	5.33±1.69b	5.56±1.66b	5.42±1.55b	11.51±1.58a
		7	Chloroflexi	1.68±1.49	2.39±2.34	0.25±0.10	0.18±0.16	Firmicutes	3.13±1.59a	1.82±1.36b	1.17±1.20b	2.02±1.19b
真菌		1	Ascomycota	59.77±4.63	61.87±5.85	66.5±6.09	56.32±9.10	Ascomycota	74.23±3.90ab	75.83±3.49a	56.28±5.41c	63.96±2.29bc
		2	Mortierellom- ycota	14.75±2.79	19.01±7.60	19.68±4.57	13.42±4.45	Basidiomycota	6.87±1.77	7.40±1.91	6.36±2.02	6.17±2.09
		3	Basidiomycota	7.63±3.00b	4.08±1.27b	2.53±0.65b	24.49±8.85a	Mortierello- mycota	1.22±1.35	1.98±1.18	1.70±1.49	1.22±1.32
		4	Glomero- mycota	0.88±0.59ab	2.07±0.30a	2.15±0.77a	0.03±0.02b	Chytridiomycota	1.74±1.36	1.42±1.10	1.14±1.06	1.27±1.07
		5	Chytridio- mycota	0.15±0.05b	0.55±0.35ab	0.97±0.36a	0.12±0.12b	Olpidiomycota	1.02±1.01b	1.01±1.01b	1.05±1.03b	1.23±1.11a
		6	Blastocladio- mycota	0.34±0.29	0.01±0.01	0.23±0.12	0.04±0.04	Mucoromycota	1.09±1.04a	1.08±1.02a	1.06±1.03ab	0.01±1.00b
		7	Olpidiomycota	0.14±0.08	0.25±0.19	0.19±0.09	0.01±0.01	Glomeromycota	1.06±1.03	1.09±1.03	1.05±1.02	1.02±1.01

Tab. 4

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Fig. 5

Fig. 6

Tab. 5

Fig. 7

Tab. 6

Tab. 7

Fig. 8

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	具体措施	新农田	老农田
灌溉	灌溉水来源	地下水	黑河水
	灌溉时间	5月中旬第一次灌溉，此后约7 d灌溉一次	5月中旬第一次灌溉，此后15~18 d灌溉一次
	灌溉次数	总计14次左右	总计7~8次
施肥	第一次灌溉/(t·hm²)	0.38	0.23
	第二次灌溉/(t·hm²)	0.60	0.45
	玉米灌浆期/(t·hm²)	0.60	0.53

林龄/a	密度/(株·hm^-2)	高度/cm	冠幅/m²	枯枝比例/%
3~5	2872	127±39.63	1.17±0.74	35.0±13.19
5~10	2475	141±33.64	1.21±0.68	41.0±13.73
10~20	2320	311±100.48	4.93±3.74	73.7±20.16
20~30	2516	262±100.81	4.34±4.67	73.1±17.52

		农田				林地
		5 a	10 a	20 a	30 a	5 a	10 a	20 a	30 a
养分	有机碳/(g·kg^-1)	4.48±0.61	5.15±0.82	3.72±0.54	4.64±0.84	1.51±0.27b	1.57±0.26b	2.48±0.51ab	3.73±1.01a
	全氮/(g·kg^-1)	1.00±0.19	0.98±0.18	1.10±0.14	0.95±0.10	0.18±0.04b	0.17±0.03b	0.23±0.04ab	0.32±0.08a
	全磷/(g·kg^-1)	0.47±0.03b	0.73±0.020a	0.71±0.08a	0.73±0.01a	0.53±0.01b	0.52±0.01b	0.58±0.01a	0.61±0.03a
酸碱度	酸碱度	7.04±0.12ab	7.24±0.03a	6.86±0.11b	6.85±0.09b	8.38±0.19a	8.02±0.14ab	7.87±0.07b	8.27±0.20ab
盐分	土壤电导率 /(μS·cm ^-1)	68.65±1.88b	69.33±2.28b	259.28±71.26a	328.63±59.94a	506.67±79.82a	286.03±40.40b	441.48±80.67ab	460.42±58.31ab
水分	土壤含水量/%	6.02±0.14b	8.34±0.55a	6.44±0.38b	6.12±0.27b	2.78±0.34b	3.81±0.15a	4.38±0.17a	2.80±0.09b
酶活性	β-葡萄糖苷酶 /(μg·g^-1·h^-1)	11.42±4.41	13.97±4.75	29.08±18.36	25.74±10.27	58.43±9.21	51.89±8.30	72.53±5.71	57.75±4.00
	脲酶/(μg·g^-1·h^-1)	0.90±0.20	0.67±0.15	1.39±0.29	1.26±0.35	7.13±0.45b	7.55±0.41b	8.05±0.67ab	9.53±0.55a
	碱性磷酸酶 /(μg·g^-1·h^-1)	54.04±0.70b	53.79±1.69b	56.84±2.14ab	61.06±2.15a	0.10±0.01b	0.11±0.01ab	0.16±0.03a	0.15±0.01ab
生态系统多功能性		0.45±0.11b	0.86±0.07a	0.45±0.15b	0.40±0.07b	0.37±0.05c	0.38±0.06c	0.55±0.04b	0.69±0.05a

		农田				林地
	参数	5 a	10 a	20 a	30 a	5 a	10 a	20 a	30 a
细菌	点数	48	44	44	46	32	42	31	35
	边数	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100
	平均度数	3.33	4.55	4.55	4.35	5.25	5.96	5.51	4.95
	平均路径长度	1.00	1.08	1.37	1.12	2.63	2.98	2.61↓	2.14↓
	直径	6.00	12.03	12.05	12.07	16.74	14.76↓	9.52↓	9.26↓
	密度	0.07	0.11	0.11	0.10	0.20	0.12	0.17	0.22↑
	聚类系数	1.00	0.80	0.66	0.98	0.56	0.67	0.59	0.52
	模块化	0.86	0.78	0.74	0.82	0.32	0.42	0.36	0.47↑
	复杂性	0.67	0.53	0.33	0.69	0.28	0.47↑	0.51↑	0.67↑
真菌	点数	45	45	45	44	42	46	44	48
	边数	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100
	平均度数	4.04	4.00	4.26	4.44	4.76	4.35	4.55	4.18
	平均路径长度	1.03	0.88	1.01↑	1.71↑	2.88	3.36	3.46	3.76
	直径	9.21	6.01	12.11↑	10.03↑	17.79	26.19	17.64	25.36
	密度	0.09	0.10	0.09	0.09	0.12	0.10	0.11	0.09
	聚类系数	1.00	0.96	0.66	0.53	0.45	0.43	0.61	0.41
	模块化	0.69	0.96	0.66↓	0.53↓	0.40	0.53	0.41	0.55
	复杂性	0.51	0.65	0.48↓	0.37↓	0.37	0.52	0.50	0.48

生态系统	微生物特征	指标	Ⅰ	Ⅱ
农田生态系统多功能性	功能类群	解磷菌	-0.58	-0.19
		病原体	-0.93	-0.09
		腐生菌	0.21	0.84
	真菌多样性	ACE指数	0.87	-0.23
		Chao1指数	0.82	-0.21
		Shannon指数	0.75	0.39
	真菌网络复杂性	网络复杂性	0.76	-0.38
	特征值		3.81	1.14
	贡献率/%		54.37	16.30
	累积贡献率/%		54.37	70.68

Cumulative effects of time on soil microbial community and multifunctionality in a desert oasis expansion area: A case study of the Zhangye oasis

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生态系统	微生物特征	指标	Ⅰ	Ⅱ	Ⅲ	Ⅳ
林地生态系统多功能性	功能群落	需氧菌	-0.70	0.15	0.63	0.28
		固氮菌	-0.66	0.16	0.64	0.34
		共生体	0.71	-0.19	0.24	0.02
		病原体	0.37	-0.26	0.40	-0.43
		腐生体	-0.48	0.53	-0.45	0.20
	细菌多样性	ACE指数	0.52	0.81	0.20	-0.17
		Chao1指数	0.52	0.80	0.21	-0.19
		Simpson指数	0.66	-0.11	-0.17	0.61
		Shannon指数	0.85	0.23	-0.04	0.42
	细菌网络复杂性	网络复杂性	0.73	-0.37	0.37	0.13
	特征值		4.03	1.93	1.49	1.04
	贡献率/%		40.37	19.33	14.89	10.48
	累积贡献率/%		40.37	59.70	74.59	85.06

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