内蒙古河套灌区紧邻排干沟土壤盐渍化与肥力特征分析

doi:10.13866/j.azr.2021.01.13

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

合理改良河套灌区紧邻排干沟盐碱地,能够有效促进灌区盐碱地生态修复与农业可持续发展。结合描述性统计与主成分分析的方法,对河套灌区乌拉特灌域紧邻排干沟土壤盐碱化与肥力特征进行了分析。结果表明：（1）研究区土壤属于重度氯化物型盐化土;Mg²⁺为土壤盐化程度高的关键阳离子,Mg²⁺含量过高减缓了Na⁺的吸收速度,加剧了土壤碱化进程。（2） 0~40 cm土层土壤碱化度在13.0%~28.6%之间,土壤碱化度高的原因包括两个方面：一方面是由于CaCO₃不能阻止土壤吸附Na⁺,另一方面是因为土壤中Mg²⁺不能促进Na⁺吸附;土壤pH与碱化度、总碱度均存在正相关关系。（3）主成分分析结果表明,研究区可将土壤含盐量、Cl^-、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、pH、总碱度和碱化度作为土壤盐渍化的主要特征因子。（4）研究区土壤钾素含量偏高,其他营养元素含量偏低。紧邻排干沟的土壤属于氯化物盐化土与碱化土复合型盐碱地,导致土壤具有土粒分散、湿时泥泞、不透气、不透水、干时硬结、耕性极差的特点;同时土壤养分偏低,应大量补充除钾素以外的其他土壤营养元素。该研究对于分析河套灌区紧邻排干沟盐碱土、制定合理土地利用政策与生态改良措施和实现区域可持续发展等方面具有重要作用。

关键词: 排干沟, 盐碱化, 盐离子, 碱化度, 主成分分析, 肥力, 内蒙古

Abstract:

Reasonable improvement of saline-alkali soil in Hetao irrigation area adjacent to drainage ditch irrigation area can effectively promote ecological restoration and sustainable agricultural development. We analyzed saline-alkali soil’s salinization and fertility characteristics adjacent to drainage ditch irrigation area in Urad Front Banner with descriptive statistical analysis and principal component analysis. The soil in the study area has heavy chloride saline, with Mg²⁺ being the key cation of soil salinization. The excessive content slows down the absorption rate and increase soil’s alkalization rate. Soil’s alkalinity in 0-40 cm depth ranged from 13.0%-28.6%. The alkalinity degree we observed was caused because calcium carbonate could not prevent the soil from absorbing sodium ions. On the other hand, Mg²⁺ in soil could not promote Na⁺ adsorption, and there was a function correlation between soil’s pH, alkalinity, and total alkalinity. The principal component analysis results showed that the soil salinity, Cl^-, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, pH, total alkalinity, and alkalinity were the main factors of soil salinization. The soil in the study area was potassium-rich, whereas other fertility levels were low. The soil adjacent to the drainage ditch belongs to compound saline-alkali chloride soil and alkaline soil. Such soils are hard to cultivate because of particle dispersion, muddy, impermeable characteristics, and low fertility, requiring soil enrichment with fertility elements other than potassium. Our study contributes significantly for analyzing the saline-alkali soil in the Hetao irrigation area, allowing rational land use policy and ecological improvement measures to be taken and incentivizing regional sustainable development.

Key words: drainage ditch, salinization, salt ion, alkalization degree, principal component analysis, fertility, Inner Mongolia

周利颖,李瑞平,苗庆丰,窦旭,田峰,于丹丹,孙晨云. 内蒙古河套灌区紧邻排干沟土壤盐渍化与肥力特征分析[J]. 干旱区研究, 2021, 38(1): 114-122.

ZHOU Liying,LI Ruiping,MIAO Qingfeng,DOU Xu,TIAN Feng,YU Dandan,SUN Chenyun. Characteristics of salinization and fertility of saline-alkali soil adjacent to drainage ditch in Hetao irrigation area of Inner Mongolia[J]. Arid Zone Research, 2021, 38(1): 114-122.

图/表 10

表1

图1

图2

表2

0~40 cm土层盐离子间的相关性"

离子指标	Cl^-/(g·kg^-1)	$S O 4 2 -$ /(g·kg^-1)	$HC O 3 -$ /(g·kg^-1)	Ca²⁺/(g·kg^-1)	Mg²⁺/(g·kg^-1)	Na⁺/(g·kg^-1)	K⁺/(g·kg^-1)	含盐量/(g·kg^-1)
Cl^-	1
SO₄^2-	0.887^**	1
HCO₃^-	-0.386^**	-0.270^*	1
Ca²⁺	0.912^**	0.832^**	-0.442^**	1
Mg²⁺	0.826^**	0.748^**	-0.294^*	0.708^**	1
Na⁺	0.769^**	0.737^**	-0.113	0.589^**	0.555^**	1
K⁺	0.784^**	0.716^**	-0.314^*	0.722^**	0.641^**	0.591^**	1
含盐量	0.985^**	0.918^**	-0.379^**	0.931^**	0.821^**	0.778^**	0.788^**	1

表2

图3

表3

图4

表4

表5

图5

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土层/cm	颗粒组成			土壤质地	容重/(g·cm^-3)	田间持水率/(cm³·cm^-3)	饱和导水率/(10^-5cm·s^-1)
土层/cm	砂粒/%(d≥0.02 mm)	黏粒/%(0.002≤d<0.02)	粉粒/%(d<0.002)	土壤质地	容重/(g·cm^-3)	田间持水率/(cm³·cm^-3)	饱和导水率/(10^-5cm·s^-1)
0~10	26	14	60	粉壤土	1.51	24	3.798
10~20	21	18	61	粉壤土	1.51	24	3.866
20~40	32	22	46	壤土	1.49	25	4.012

土层/cm	指标	pH	阳离子交换量/(cmol·kg^-1)	交换性Na⁺/(cmol·kg^-1)	碱化度/%	总碱度/(cmol·kg^-1)
0~10	含量	8.09±0.31	12.23±5.33	2.01±0.91	20.3±7.3	0.41±0.30
0~10	变异系数/%	3	25	19	20	58
10~20	含量	8.32±0.46	12.15±6.65	2.11±1.11	21.3±7.3	0.66±0.54
10~20	变异系数/%	3	27	23	12	52
20~40	含量	8.30±0.30	11.55±5.35	1.95±0.75	22.0±5.0	0.56±0.22
20~40	变异系数/%	23	22	22	11	50

盐碱指标	因子载荷矩阵		成分得分系数矩阵
盐碱指标	F₁	F₂	F₁	F₂
Cl^-	0.875	0.306	0.155	0.166
SO₄^2-	0.684	0.380	0.121	0.207
HCO₃^-	-0.714	0.253	-0.127	0.137
Ca²⁺	0.754	0.050	0.134	0.027
Mg²⁺	0.724	0.262	0.128	0.142
Na⁺	0.516	0.530	0.091	0.288
K⁺	0.488	-0.062	0.087	-0.034
含盐量	0.906	0.403	0.161	0.219
pH	-0.788	0.509	-0.140	0.276
碱化度	-0.547	0.678	-0.097	0.368
总碱度	-0.747	0.550	-0.133	0.299

土层/cm	指标	全氮量/（g·kg^-1）	碱解氮/（mg·kg^-1）	有效磷/（mg·kg^-1）	速效钾/（mg·kg^-1）	有机质/（g·kg^-1）
0~10	含量	0.58±0.33	19.64±7.07	5.08±2.78	207±80	6.99±5.51
0~10	变异系数/%	36	34	19	42	29
10~20	含量	0.55±0.29	17.96±6.93	4.64±3.16	208±77	6.47±4.33
10~20	变异系数/%	35	30	19	38	26
20~40	含量	0.48±0.35	17±7.49	4.27±2.36	182.50±81	6.27±3.95
20~40	变异系数/%	27	27	20	37	22