中国大陆型冰川和海洋型冰川变化比较分析——以天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川和玉龙雪山白水河1号冰川为例

doi:10.13866/j.azr.2018.01.02

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 以天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川和玉龙雪山白水河1号冰川为例，比较分析了全球变暖背景下中国大陆型冰川和海洋型冰川自20世纪中期以来的变化。结果表明：物质平衡亏损、平衡线高度上升、活动层温度升高、厚度减薄、运动速度降低、末端退缩、面积和冰储量减少是两类冰川的主要变化趋势；大陆型冰川变率有加大或者大于海洋型冰川的表现，并且两类冰川的变化幅度差距有逐渐缩小或趋稳的迹象。进一步分析认为：两类冰川消融退缩的主要原因是气温上升，重要因素是冰面反照率降低，而气候环境、响应气候变化的敏感性、加速消融机理等差异，是造成两者变化差异性的主要原因。

关键词: 冰川变化, 大陆型冰川, 海洋型冰川, 物质平衡, 冰川厚度, 乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川, 玉龙雪山白水河1号冰川

Abstract: There are great scientific significances and realistic values by comparative researching on continental glacier and temperate glacier change. As an indicator of climate change, studying different types of glaciers’ change has attracted researcher’s attention for a long time past. In this paper, taking Urumqi river glacier No.1 and Yulong mountain Baishui river glacier No.1 as example, continental glacier and temperate glacier changes are comparative studied under global warming since 1950s. The results show that mass loss, equilibrium-line altitude ascending, activity layer temperature rising, glacier depth thinning, flow velocity slowing, terminus retreating, area and volume reducing are the major trends of two type glacier change. The change rates of continental glacier increased or greater than temperate glacier, and the change gaps of two type glacier have been gradually reduced or stabilized. Further analysis shows that the main reason of the ablation and retreat of two type glacier is the rise of temperature, an important factor is the reducing of the ice-surface albedo, and the differences between two type glaciers is because of the climatic environment, the sensitivity of response to climate change, and the mechanism of accelerated ablation, and others.

Key words: Glacier change, continental-glacier, temperate-glacier, mass balance, glacier depth, Urumqi river glacier No.1, Yulong mountain Baishui river glacier No.1

李开明, 陈世峰, 康玲芬, 李忠勤, 李生德, 文强. 中国大陆型冰川和海洋型冰川变化比较分析——以天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川和玉龙雪山白水河1号冰川为例[J]. 干旱区研究, 2018, 35(01): 12-19.

LI Kai-Ming, CHEN Shi-Feng, KANG Ling-Fen, LI Zhong-Qin, LI Sheng-De, WEN Qiang. Comparative research on Chinese continental glacier and temperate glacier changes:Taking Urumqi glacier No.1 and Baishui glacier No.1 as example[J]. , 2018, 35(01): 12-19.

参考文献

[1] 刘时银, 姚晓军, 郭万钦, 等.基于第二次冰川编目的中国冰川现状[J]. 地理学报, 2015, 70(1): 3-16.[Liu Shiyin, Yao Xiaojun, Guo Wanqin, et al. The contemporary glaciers in China based on the second Chinese glacier inventory[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2015, 70(1): 3-16.]
[2] 施雅风, 黄茂桓, 任炳辉, 等.中国冰川与环境——现在、过去和未来[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 2000:12-285.[Shi Yafeng, Huang Maohuan, Yao Tandong, et al. Glaciers and Their Environment in China:The Present, Past and Future[M]. Beijing: Science Press, 2000:12-285.]
[3] 丁一汇.中国西部环境变化的预测[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 2002:166-173.[Ding Yihui. Environmental Characteristic of West China and Its Evolution [M]. Beijing: Science Press, 2002:166-173.]
[4] 施雅风, 谢自楚.中国现代冰川的基本特征[J]. 地理学报, 1964, 30(3): 183-208.[Shi Yafeng, Xie Zichu. The Characteristics of existing glaciers in China[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 1964, 30(3): 183-208.]
[5] 苏珍, 施雅风.小冰期以来中国季风温冰川对全球变暖的响应[J]. 冰川冻土, 2000, 22(3): 223-229.[Su Zhen, Shi Yafeng. Response of monsoonal temperate glaciers in China to global warming since the little ice age[J]. Journal of Glaciolgy and Geocryology, 2000, 22(3): 223-229.]
[6] 杨针娘.中国冰川水资源[M]. 兰州: 甘肃科学技术出版社, 1991.[Yang Zhenniang. Glacier Water Resources in China[M]. Lanzhou: Gansu Science and Technology Press,1991.]
[7] 刘时银, 蒲健辰, 邓晓峰, 等.中国冰川图鉴[M]. 上海: 上海科学普及出版社, 2014:38-41.[Liu Shiyin, Pu Jianchen, Deng Xiaofeng, et al. Glaciers and Glacier Landscapes in China[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Popular Science Press, 2014:38-41.]
[8] 秦大河, 董文杰, 罗勇.中国气候与环境演变[M]. 北京:气象出版社,2012:116-121.[Qin Dahe, Dong Wenjie, Luo Yong. Climate and Environment Change in China[M]. Beijing: China Meteorological Press, 2012: 116-121.]
[9] 李吉均, 郑本兴, 杨锡金, 等. 西藏冰川[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 1986:33.[Li Jijun, Zhen Benxing, Yang Xijin, et al. Glaciers in Tibet[M]. Beijing: Science Press, 1986:33.]
[10] 李慧林, 李忠勤, 沈永平, 等. 冰川动力学模式及其对中国冰川变化预测的适应性[J]. 冰川冻土, 2007, 29(2): 201-208.[Li Huilin, Li Zhongqin, Shen Yongping, et al. Glacier dynamics models and their applicability for the glacier in China[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2007, 29(2): 201-208.]
[11] Haeberli W, Barry R, Ciblar J. Glacier monitoring within the global climate observing system[J]. Annals of Glaciology, 2000, 31: 241-246.]
[12] Stocker, T., D. Qin, G. Plattner, M. Tignor, et al. IPCC, 2013: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis[M]. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, U. K.
[13] 李开明, 李忠勤, 高闻宇, 等.近期新疆东天山冰川退缩及其对水资源影响[J]. 科学通报, 2011, 56(32): 2 708-2 716.[Li Kaiming, Li Zhongqin, Gao Wenyu, et al. Recent glacial retreat and its effect on water resources in eastern Xinjiang[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2011,56(32): 2 708-2 716.]
[14] 刘时银, 丁永建, 李晶, 等.中国西部冰川对近期气候变暖的响应[J]. 第四纪研究, 2006, 26(5): 762-771. [Liu Shiyin, Ding Yongjian, Li Jing, et al. Glaciers in response to recent climate warming in western China. Quaternary Sciences, 2006, 26(5): 762-771.]
[15] 秦大河, 效存德, 丁永建, 等. 国际冰冻圈研究动态和我国冰冻圈研究的现状与展望[J].应用气象学报, 2006, 17(6): 649-656.[Qin Dahe, Xiao Cunde, Ding Yongjian, et al. Progress on cryospheric studies by international and chinese communities and perspectives[J]. Journal of applied Meteorological Science, 2006, 17(6): 649-656.]
[16] 王宗太, 苏宏超.世界和中国的冰川分布及其水资源意义[J]. 冰川冻土, 2003, 25(5): 498-503.[Wang Zongtai, Su Hongchao. Glaciers in the world and China: Distribution and their significance as water resources[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2003, 25(5): 498-503.]
[17] 李忠勤.天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川近期研究与应用[M]. 北京: 气象出版社, 2011:1-66. [Li Zhongqin. Recent study and application of Tianshan Urumqi River source Glacier No.l [M]. Beijing: China Meteorological Press, 2011:1-66.]
[18] 李忠勤, 韩添丁, 井哲帆, 等. 乌鲁木齐河源区气候变化和1号冰川40 a观测事实[J]. 冰川冻土, 2005, 25(2): 117-123.[Li Zhongqin, Han Tianding, Jing Zhefan, et al. A summary of 40 year observed variation facts of climate and Glacier No. 1 at the headwaters of Urumqi River, Tianshan, China[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2003, 25(2): 117-123.]
[19] 董志文, 秦大河, 任贾文, 等. 近50年来天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川平衡线高度对气候变化的响应[J]. 科学通报, 2013, 58(9): 825-832.[Dong Zhiwen, Qin Dahe, Ren Jiawen, et al. Variations in the equilibrium line altitude of Urumqi Glacier No.l, Tianshan Mountains, over the past 50 years[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2013, 58(9): 825-832. ]
[20] 李吉均, 苏珍. 横断山冰川[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 1996:1-132. [Li Jijun, Su Zhen. Glaciers in the Hengduan Mountains[M]. Beijing: Science Press, 1996:1-132.]
[21] 杜建括, 何元庆, 李双, 等. 横断山区典型海洋型冰川物质平衡研究[J]. 地理学报, 2015, 70(9): 1 415-1 422.[Du Jiankuo, He Yuanqing, Li Shuang, et al. Mass balance of a typical monsoonal temperate glacier in Hengduan Mountains Region[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2015, 70(9): 1 415-1 422.]
[22] 刘力, 井哲帆, 杜建括.玉龙雪山白水1号冰川运动速度测量与研究[J]. 地球科学进展, 2012, 27(9): 987-992.[Liu Li, Jing Zhefan, Du Jiankuo. A study of velocity of Baishui No.1 Glacier, Mt, Yulong[J]. Advances in Earth Science, 2012, 27(9): 987-992.]
[23] 谢自楚, 刘潮海.冰川学导论[M]. 上海: 上海科学普及出版社, 2010.[Xie Zichu, Liu Chaohai. Introduction of Glaciology[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Scientific and Technical Publishers, 2010.]
[24] 李忠勤, 沈永平, 王飞腾, 等.冰川消融对气候变化的响应——以天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川为例[J]. 冰川冻土, 2007, 29(3): 333-342.[Li Zhongqin, Shen Yongping, Wang Feiteng, et al. Response of glacier melting to climate change: take Urumqi Glacier No.1 as example[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2007, 29(3): 334-342.]
[25] 焦克勤, 井哲帆, 韩添丁, 等.42 a来天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川变化及趋势预测[J]. 冰川冻土, 2004, 26(3): 253-260.[Jiao Keqin, Jing Zhefan, Han Tianding, et al. Variation of the Glacier No. 1 at the headwaters of the Urumqi River in the Tianshan Mountains during the past 42 years and its trend prediction[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2004, 26(3): 253-260.]
[26] 姚红兵, 李忠勤, 王璞玉, 等.近50 a天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川变化分析[J]. 干旱区研究, 2015, 32(3): 442-447.[Yao Hongbin, Li Zhongqin, Wang Puyu, et al. Area variation analysis of Urumqi Glacier No. l in past 50 decades[J]. Arid Zone Research, 2015, 32(3): 442-447.]
[27] 张忠林.中国代表性海洋型冰川对气候变化的数值模拟与敏感性分析[D]. 兰州: 中国科学院寒区旱区环境与工程研究所, 2005: 75-76.[Zhang Zhonglin. Numerical Simulation and Sensitivity Analysis of Representative Temperate-glacier to Climate Change in China[D]. Lanzhou: Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2005: 75-76.]
[28] 秦大河, 周波涛, 效存德.冰冻圈变化及其对中国气候的影响[J]. 气象学报, 2014, 72(5): 869-879.[Qin Dahe, Zhou Botao, Xiao Cunde. Progress in studies of cryospheric changes and their impacts on climate of China[J]. Acta Meteorologica Sinica, 2014, 72(5): 869-879.]
[39] 杜建括, 辛惠娟, 何元庆, 等.玉龙雪山现代季风温冰川对气候变化的响应[J]. 地理科学,2013, 33(7): 890-896.[Du Jiankuo, Xin Huijuan, He Yuanqing, et al. Response of modern monsoon temperate glacier to climate change in Yulong Mountain[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2013, 33(7): 890-986.
[30] 辛惠娟, 何元庆, 张涛,等.青藏高原东南缘丽江玉龙雪山气候变化特征及其对冰川变化的影响[J]. 地球科学进展, 2013, 28(11): 1 257-1 268.[Xin Huijuan,He Yuanqing,Zhang Tao,,et al. The features of climate variation and glacier response in Mt. Yulong, Southeastern Tibetan Plateau[J]. Advances in Earth Science, 2013, 28(11): 1 257-1 268.]
[31] 谢自楚.冰川物质平衡及其与冰川特征的关系[J]. 冰川冻土, 1980, 2(4): 1-10.[Xie Zichu. Mass balance of glaciers and its relationship with characteristics of glaciers[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 1980, 2(4): 1-10.]
[32] 苏珍, 赵井东, 郑本兴. 中国现代冰川平衡线分布特征与末次冰期平衡线下降值研究[J]. 冰川冻土, 2014, 36(1): 9-19.[Su Zhen, Zhao Jingdong, Zheng Benxing. Distribution and features of the glaciers' ELAs and the decrease of ELAs during the Last Glaciation in China[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2014, 36 (1): 9-19.]
[33] 段克勤, 姚檀栋, 石培宏, 等.青藏高原东部冰川平衡线高度的模拟及预测[J]. 中国科学:地球科学, 2017, 47(1): 104-113.[Duan Keqin, Yao Tandong, Shi Peihong, et al. Simulation and prediction of equilibrium line altitude of glaciers in the eastern Tibetan Plateau [J]. Scientia, Sinica Terrae, 2017, 47(1): 104-113.]
[34] 周在明, 井哲帆, 赵淑惠, 等. 冰川运动速度对气候变化的响应——以天山乌鲁木齐河源 1 号冰川为例[J]. 地球学报, 2010 (2): 237-244.[ Zhou Zaiming, Jing Zhefan, Zhao Shuhui, et al. The response of glacier velocity to climate change: A case study of Urumqi Glacier No.1[J].Acta Geoscientica Sinica, 2010, 31(2):237-244.]
[35] 李珊珊, 张明军, 李忠勤, 等.1960—2009年中国天山现代冰川末端变化特征[J]. 干旱区研究, 2013, 30(2): 378-384.[Li Shanshan, Zhang Mingjun, Li Zhongqin, et al. Variation of glacier terminuses in the Tianshan Mountains, China, during the period of 1960-2009[J]. Arid Zone Research, 2013, 30(2): 378-384.]
[36] 施雅风, 刘潮海, 王宗太, 等.简明中国冰川目录[M]. 上海: 上海科学普及出版社, 2005.[Shi Yafeng, Liu Chaohai, Wang Zongtai et al. A Concise China Glacier Inventory[M]. Shanghaj: Shanghai Science Popularization Press, 2005.
[37] 李忠勤.中国冰川定位观测研究50年: 中国科学院天山冰川观测试验站建站50周年文集[M].北京:气象出版社,2011:3-20.[Li Zhongqin.50-year Study of the Location Observation of the Tianshan Glacier in China: the 50th Anniversary of Curpus of Test Station of the Tianshan Glacier Observation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences[M].Beijing: China Meteorological Press, 2011:3-20.]
[38] 苏勃, 李忠勤, 张明军, 等.大陆型冰川与海洋型冰川物质平衡对比研究——以天山和阿尔卑斯山典型冰川为例[J]. 冰川冻土, 2015, 37(5): 1 131-1 140.[Su Bo, Li Zhongqin, Zhang Minjun, et al. A comparative study on mass balance between the continental glaciers and the temperate glaciers: Taking the typical glaciers in the Tianshan Mountains and the Alps as examples[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2015, 37(5): 1 131-1 140.]
[39] 张健, 何晓波, 叶柏生, 等.近期小冬克玛底冰川物质平衡变化及其影响因素分析[J]. 冰川冻土, 2013, 35(2): 263-271.[Zhang Jian, He Xiaobo, Ye Baisheng, et al. Recent variation of mass balance of the Xiao Dongkemadi Glacier in the Tanggula Range and its influencing factors[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2013, 35(2): 263-271.]
[40] 明镜, 效存德, 杜振彩, 等.中国西部雪冰中的黑碳及其辐射强迫[J]. 气候变化研究进展, 2009, 5(6): 328-335.[Ming Jing, Xiao Cunde, Du Zhencai, et al. Black carbon in Snow/Ice of West China and its radiative forcing[J]. Advances in Climate Change Research, 2009, 5(9): 328-335.]
[41] 何元庆, 张忠林, 姚檀栋, 等. 中国季风温冰川区近代气候变化与冰川动态[J]. 地理学报, 2003, 58(4): 550-558.[He Yuangqing, Zhang Zhonglin, Yao Tandong, et al. Modern changes of the climate and glaciers in China's monsoonal temperate-glacier region[ J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2003, 58(4): 550-558.]
[42] 施雅风, 刘时银.中国冰川对21世纪全球变暖响应的预估[J]. 科学通报, 2000, 45(4): 434-438.[Shi Yafeng, Liu Shiyin. Estimate o1 the response o1 glaciers in China to the global warming-up in the 21th century[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2000, 45(4): 434-438.]
[43] 李巧媛, 谢自楚.周期性升温下冰川系统的变化预测研究——以长江流域冰川系为例[J].冰川冻土, 2008, 30(4): 583-589.[Li Qiaoyuan, Xie Zichu. Prediction of the glacier system's variation under periodical warming:Taking the glacier system in Yangtze valley as an example[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2008, 30(4): 583-589.]