黄土高原不同土地利用方式对土壤N2O通量的影响

doi:10.13866/j.azr.2025.06.08

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

氧化亚氮（N₂O）是大气中重要的温室气体之一，对全球气候变暖具有显著影响。土地利用方式的改变是影响N₂O排放的关键因素，尤其是在生态系统脆弱的半干旱地区，其影响机制更为复杂。然而，针对我国半干旱区复杂多样的土地利用方式如何影响土壤N₂O排放，其中影响N₂O排放的关键驱动因子，目前尚缺乏系统研究。为此，本文以陇中黄土高原四种典型土地利用方式：云杉林地（Picea asperata）、苜蓿草地（Medicago sativa）、撂荒地（Abandoned land）、小麦地（Wheat field）为研究对象，采用静态箱-气相色谱法监测土壤N₂O通量，结合土壤理化性质数据，揭示不同土地利用方式下调控土壤N₂O排放的关键驱动因子。结果表明：（1）与撂荒地相比，云杉林地和苜蓿草地显著提高了土壤含水量，而小麦地则增加了铵态氮（NH₄⁺-N）和硝态氮（NO₃^--N）的含量。（2）与撂荒地相比，苜蓿草地和小麦地显著提升了硝酸还原酶（NR）和亚硝酸还原酶（NIR）活性，且各处理的NR和NIR活性均随土层加深而降低。（3）在不同土地利用方式下，土壤N₂O通量随植被生长阶段呈先增后降的趋势。相较于撂荒地，云杉林地和苜蓿草地的土壤N₂O总排放量分别减少了34.2%、23.3%，而小麦地则显著增加了32.47%。（4）随机森林结果表明，土壤温度对土壤N₂O排放通量的影响最大。相较于撂荒地和小麦地，人工林地和草地表现出更好的减排效应。在未来的植被恢复和生态修复过程中，应注重“农林草”土地利用方式的分配比例，适当提高人工林地和草地的占比，以实现生态效益与减排效应的双重目标。

关键词: 黄土高原, 全球气候变暖, 土地利用方式, N₂O排放通量, 土壤温度

Abstract:

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) a remarkable greenhouse gas in the atmosphere, exerts a pronounced effect on global climate warming. Changes in land use types critically affects N₂O emissions, particularly in ecologically fragile semiarid regions with more complex underlying mechanisms. However, there is still a lack of systematic research on how complex and diverse land use types affect soil N₂O emissions in semiarid regions of China and the key driving factors involved. To address this, this study focused on four typical land use types in the semiarid Loess Plateau of central Gansu Province: Picea asperata forest, Medicago sativa grassland, abandoned land, and wheat field. Soil N₂O fluxes were monitored using the static chamber-gas chromatography method, combined with soil physicochemical property data, to elucidate the key drivers regulating soil N₂O emissions under different land use types. Compared to the abandoned land, the Picea asperata forest and Medicago sativa grassland had significantly increased soil water content, while wheat fields exhibited elevated ammonium nitrogen (NH₄⁺-N) and nitrate nitrogen (NO₃^--N) concentrations. Compared to the abandoned land, the Medicago sativa grassland and wheat fields exhibited markedly enhanced nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase activities, which decreased with an increase in soil depth across all treatments. Soil N₂O fluxes under different land use types exhibited an initial increase followed by a decline during the vegetation growth stages. The total soil N₂O emissions decreased by 34.2% and 23.3% in the Picea asperata forest and Medicago sativa grassland, respectively, and increased by 32.47% in the wheat fields, compared to the abandoned land. Random forest analysis identified soil temperature as the most influential factor affecting the soil N₂O flux. Overall, compared to the abandoned land and wheat fields, the artificial forest and grassland systems in the study area demonstrated superior emission reduction effects. Therefore, future vegetation restoration and ecological rehabilitation efforts should prioritize optimizing the proportional allocation of “forest-grass-cropland” land use types and appropriately increasing the coverage of artificial forests and grasslands to achieve the dual objectives of ecological benefits and emission mitigation.

Key words: Loess Plateau, global climate warming, land use types, N₂O emission fluxes, soil temperature

杜俊, 李广, 杜梦寅, 姚瑶, 马维伟, 袁建钰. 黄土高原不同土地利用方式对土壤N₂O通量的影响[J]. 干旱区研究, 2025, 42(6): 1043-1054.

DU Jun, LI Guang, DU Mengyin, YAO Yao, MA Weiwei, YUAN Jianyu. Effects of different land use types on soil N₂O fluxes on the Loess Plateau[J]. Arid Zone Research, 2025, 42(6): 1043-1054.

图/表 11

图1

表1

图2

图3

图4

图5

图6

图7

图8

图9

图10

参考文献 35

[1]	Ravishankara R A, Daniel S J, Portmann W R. Nitrous Oxide(N₂O): The dominant ozone-depleting substance emitted in the 21st century[J]. Science, 2009, 326(5949): 123-125. doi: 10.1126/science.1176985 pmid: 19713491
[2]	邓米林, 叶桂萍, 胥超. 林分类型和氮添加对亚热带森林土壤氧化亚氮排放的影响[J]. 水土保持学报, 2023, 37(6): 262-267.
	[Deng Milin, Ye Guiping, Xu Chao. Effects of forest types and nitrogen addition on soil nitrous oxide emissions in a subtropical forest[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2023, 37(6): 262-267.]
[3]	张若玉. 长寿命温室气体CH₄、N₂O的辐射强迫和全球增温潜能的研究[D]. 南京: 南京信息工程大学, 2011.
	[Zhang Ruoyu. A Study Radiative Forcing and Global Warming Potential of Long-life Greenhouse Gases CH₄ and N₂O[D]. Nanjing: Nanjing University of Information Science, 2011.]
[4]	孙志强, 郝庆菊, 江长胜, 等. 农田土壤N₂O的产生机制及其影响因素研究进展[J]. 土壤通报, 2010, 41(6): 1524-1530.
	[Sun Zhiqiang, Hao Qingju, Jiang Changsheng, et al. Advances in the study of nitrous oxide production mechanism and its influencing factors in agricultural soils[J]. Chinese Journal of Soil Science, 2010, 41(6): 1524-1530.]
[5]	杜子银, 蔡延江, 张斌, 等. 牲畜排泄物返还对草地土壤氮转化和氧化亚氮(N₂O)排放的影响研究进展[J]. 生态学报, 2022, 42(1): 45-57.
	[Du Ziyin, Cai Yanjiang, Zhang Bin, et al. Research progress on livestock excreta returning on soil nitrogen transformation and nitrous oxide emission in grasslands[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2022, 42(1): 45-57.]
[6]	Snyder C, Bruulsema T, Jensen T, et al. Review of greenhouse gas emissions from crop production systems and fertilizer management effects[J]. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 2009, 133(3-4): 247-266.
[7]	郭疆, 袁建钰, 卓玛草, 等. 陇中黄土高原不同土地利用方式对土壤氮组分及酶活性的影响[J]. 甘肃农业大学学报, 2024, 59(6): 186-194.
	[Guo Jiang, Yuan Jianyu, Zhuo Macao, et al. Effects of different land use practices on soil N fractions and enzyme activities in the Loess Plateau of Longzhong[J]. Journal of Gansu Agricultural University, 2024, 59(6): 186-194.]
[8]	王苏平, 辉建春, 林立金, 等. 施肥制度对川中丘陵区玉米不同生育期土壤反硝化酶活性的影响[J]. 水土保持研究, 2012, 19(3): 274-277, 283.
	[Wang Suping, Hui Jianchun, Lin Lijin, et al. Effects of fertilizer system on soil denitrification enzyme activity at different growth stages of maize in hilly regions of middle Sichuan[J]. Research of Soil and Water Conservation, 2012, 19(3): 274-277, 283.]
[9]	孟轶, 廖萍, 魏海燕, 等. 施石膏对水稻产量和甲烷排放影响的荟萃分析[J]. 中国生态农业学报, 2023, 31(2): 280-289.
	[Meng Yi, Liao Ping, Wei Haiyan, et al. Effects of gypsum application on grain yield and methane emissions in rice paddies: A global meta-analysis[J]. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2023, 31(2): 280-289.]
[10]	祁小平, 李广, 袁建钰, 等. 保护性耕作对陇中旱作麦田蓄水保墒效果和产量的影响[J]. 干旱区研究, 2022, 39(1): 312-321. doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2022.01.30
	[Qi Xiaoping, Li Guang, Yuan Jianyu, et al. Effects of conservation tillage on the water storage, moisture conservation, and yield of dry-land wheat fields of central Gansu Province[J]. Arid Zone Research, 2022, 39(1): 312-321.] doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2022.01.30
[11]	Yuan J, Yao Y, Guan Y, et al. Effects of land use patterns on soil properties and nitrous oxide flux on a semi-arid environmental conditions of Loess Plateau China[J]. Global Ecology and Conservation, 2024, 51: e02899.
[12]	肖未, 吴庆峰, 李伏生. 滴灌水氮管理对玉米种植土壤无机氮含量和氧化亚氮排放的影响[J]. 华南农业大学学报, 2023, 44(3): 410-419.
	[Xiao Wei, Wu Qingfeng, Li Fusheng. Effect of drip irrigation and nitrogen management on inorganic nitrogen content and nitrous oxide emission in maize-planting soil[J]. Journal of South China Agricultural University, 2023, 44(3): 410-419.]
[13]	Yang Chuanjie, Li Guang, Yan Lijuan, et al. Effects of different vegetation types on ecosystem respiration in semiarid Loess Hilly Region, Central Gansu Province, China[J]. Ecological Indicators, 2022, 145: 109683.
[14]	曹心德, 陈莹, 王晓蓉. 环境条件变化对土壤中稀土元素溶解释放的影响[J]. 中国环境科学, 2000, 20(6): 486-490.
	[Cao Xinde, Chen Ying, Wang Xiaorong. The effects of environmental conditions on the release and species transformation of rare earth elements (REEs) in soil[J]. China Environmental Science, 2000, 20(6): 486-490.]
[15]	吴健利, 刘梦云, 赵国庆, 等. 黄土台塬土地利用方式对土壤有机碳矿化及温室气体排放的影响[J]. 农业环境科学学报, 2016, 35(5): 1006-1015.
	[Wu Jianli, Liu Mengyun, Zhao Guoqing, et al. Effects of land-use types on soil organic carbon mineralization and greenhouse gas emissions in Loess tableland[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2016, 35(5): 1006-1015.]
[16]	徐玉秀, 郭李萍, 谢立勇, 等. 中国主要旱地农田N₂O背景排放量及排放系数特点[J]. 中国农业科学, 2016, 49(9): 1729-1743. doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2016.09.009
	[Xu Yuxiu, Guo Liping, Xie Liyong, et al. Characteristics of background emissions and emission factors of N₂O from major upland fields in China[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2016, 49(9): 1729-1743.] doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2016.09.009
[17]	Žurovec Ognjen, Sitaula Bishal Kumar, Čustovié Hamid, et al. Effects of tillage practice on soil structure, N₂O emissions and economics in cereal production under current socio-economic conditions in central Bosnia and Herzegovina[J]. PloS One, 2017, 12(11): e0187681.
[18]	郎漫, 聂浩, 朱恺文, 等. 草海自然保护区内不同利用方式土壤氮素转化和氧化亚氮排放特征[J]. 农业环境科学学报, 2025, 44(1): 227-234.
	[Lang Man, Nie Hao, Zhu Kaiwen, et al. Nitrogen transformation characteristics and nitrous oxide emissions from soils under different land use types in Caohai nature reserve[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2025, 44(1): 227-234.]
[19]	辛春明, 何明珠, 李承义, 等. 荒漠土壤氧化亚氮排放及其驱动因素研究进展[J]. 中国沙漠, 2023, 43(2): 184-194. doi: 10.7522/j.issn.1000-694X.2022.00082
	[Xin Chunming, He Mingzhu, Li Chengyi, et al. A review of research progress on nitrous oxide emissions from desert soil and its driving factors[J]. Journal of Desert Research, 2023, 43(2): 184-194. doi: 10.7522/j.issn.1000-694X.2022.00082
[20]	李渊, 王涛, 周莹, 等. 3种栽培草地N₂O释放通量季节动态的研究[J]. 草地学报, 2015, 23(4): 703-709. doi: 10.11733/j.issn.1007-0435.2015.04.006
	[Li Yuan, Wang Tao, Zhou Ying, et al. Study on the seasonal dynamics of N₂O release flux in three cultivated grasslands[J]. Acta Agrestia Sinica, 2015, 23(4): 703-709.] doi: 10.11733/j.issn.1007-0435.2015.04.006
[21]	孙文浩, 杨世伟, 高晓东, 等. 黄土丘陵区不同土地利用类型土壤CO₂, N₂O通量特征[J]. 水土保持研究, 2017, 24(1): 68-74.
	[Song Wenhao, Yang Shiwei, Gao Xiaodong et al. Characteristics of CO₂ and N₂O emissions under different land-use types in Loess Hilly Region of China[J]. Research of Soil and Water Conservation, 2017, 24(1): 68-74.]
[22]	唐瑞杰, 胡煜杰, 赵彩悦, 等. 不同水分条件下土地利用方式对我国热带地区土壤硝化过程及NO和N₂O排放的影响[J]. 环境科学, 2022, 43(11): 5159-5168.
	[Tang Ruijie, Hu Yujie, Zhao Caiyue, et al. Effects of land-use conversion on soil nitrification and NO & N₂O emissions in tropical China under different moisture conditions[J]. Environmental Science, 2022, 43(11): 5159-5168.]
[23]	甘春娟, 郑爽, 陈垚, 等. 氮素在雨水生物滞留系统多介质中的归趋与迁移特性[J]. 山东农业科学, 2019, 51(10): 71-77.
	[Gan Chunjuan, Zheng Shuang, Chen Yao, et al. Fates and migration characteristics of nitrogen in multimedia of stormwater bioretention system[J]. Shandong Agricultural Science, 2019, 51(10): 71-77.]
[24]	石洪艾, 李禄军, 尤孟阳, 等. 不同土地利用方式下土壤温度与土壤水分对黑土N₂O排放的影响[J]. 农业环境科学学报, 2013, 32(11): 2286-2292.
	[Shi Hongai, Li Lujun, You Mengyang, et al. Impact of soil temperature and moisture on soil N₂O emission from mollisols under different land-use types[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2013, 32(11): 2286-2292.]
[25]	曹文超, 宋贺, 王娅静, 等. 农田土壤N₂O排放的关键过程及影响因素[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2019, 25(10): 1781-1798.
	[Cao Wenchao, Song He, Wang Yajing, et al. Key production processes and influencing factors of nitrous oxide emissions from agricultural soils[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2019, 25(10): 1781-1798.]
[26]	于辉, 陈燕, 张欢, 等. 添加无机氮对山西太岳山油松林土壤氮素及温室气体通量的影响[J]. 南京林业大学学报(自然科学版), 2019, 43(3): 85-91. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2006.201805047
	[Yu Hui, Chen Yan, Zhang Huan, et al. The effect of inorganic nitrogen addition on soil nitrogen and greenhouse gas flux for the Pinus tabulaeformis forest in Taiyue Mountain, Shanxi Province[J]. Journal of Nanjing Forestry University (Natural Sciences Edition), 2019, 43(3): 85-91.]
[27]	陈卫洪, 漆雁斌. 农业生产中氧化亚氮排放源的影响因素分析[J]. 四川农业大学学报, 2011, 29(2): 280-285.
	[Chen Weihong, Qi Yanbin. Analysis of the influencing factors related to nitrous oxide emission in agricultural production[J]. Journal of Sichuan Agricultural University, 2011, 29(2): 280-285.]
[28]	赵海蓉, 帅伟, 李静, 等. 华西雨屏区典型人工林对降雨过程中NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N的过滤作用[J]. 环境科学学报, 2015, 35(11): 3710-3718.
	[Zhao Hairong, Shuai Wei, Li Jing, et al. Interception of NH₄⁺-N and NO₃^--N during rainfall processes in several typical plantations in the rainy area of western China[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2015, 35(11): 3710-3718.]
[29]	陈浩, 李博, 熊正琴. 减氮及硝化抑制剂对菜地氧化亚氮排放的影响[J]. 土壤学报, 2017, 54(4): 938-947.
	[Chen Hao, Li Bo, Xiong Zhengqin. Effects of N reduction and nitrification inhibitor on N₂O emissions in intensive vegetable field[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2017, 54(4): 938-947.]
[30]	方华军, 程淑兰, 于贵瑞, 等. 森林土壤氧化亚氮排放对大气氮沉降增加的响应研究进展[J]. 土壤学报, 2015, 52(2): 262-271.
	[Fang Huajun, Cheng Shulan, Yu Guirui, et al. Study on the responses of Nitrous Oxide emission to increased nitrogen deposition in forest soils: A review[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2015, 52(2): 262-271.]
[31]	李佳琛, 侯磊, 王艳霞, 等. 氮输入对罗时江湿地沉积物N₂O生成过程及酶活性的影响[J]. 应用生态学报, 2023, 34(2): 405-414. doi: 10.13287/j.1001-9332.202302.012
	[Li Jiachen, Hou Lei, Wang Yanxia, et al. Effects of nitrogen input on N₂O production and enzyme activity in Luoshijiang Wetland sediments, China[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2023, 34(2): 405-414.] doi: 10.13287/j.1001-9332.202302.012
[32]	张玉兰, 陈振华, 马星竹, 等. 潮棕壤稻田不同氮磷肥配施对土壤酶活性及生产力的影响[J]. 土壤通报, 2008, 39(3): 518-523.
	[Zhang Yulan, Chen Zhenhua, Ma Xingzhu, et al. Response of soil enzymes to different amounts of N and P fertilizers in rice ecosystems of meadow brown soil[J]. Chinese Journal of Soil Science, 2008, 39(3): 518-523.]
[33]	张文静. 施肥和间作对桔梗产量和品质的调控效应[D]. 泰安: 山东农业大学, 2017.
	[Zhang Wenjing. Effects of Fertilization and Intercropping on the Production and Quality of Platycodon grandiflorum[D]. Taian: Shandong Agricultural University, 2017.]
[34]	杨永凯, 马维伟, 陈好, 等. 尕海湿地区沼泽草甸土壤酶活性对短期增温施氮的响应[J]. 草地学报, 2022, 30(12): 3263-3271. doi: 10.11733/j.issn.1007-0435.2022.12.011
	[Yang Yongkai, Ma Weiwei, Chen Hao, et al. Response of soil enzyme activities in marsh meadow in Gahai wet area to short-term warming and nitrogen addition[J]. Acta Agrestia Sinica, 2022, 30(12): 3263-3271.] doi: 10.11733/j.issn.1007-0435.2022.12.011
[35]	谭波, 吴福忠, 杨万勤, 等. 冻融末期川西亚高山/高山森林土壤水解酶活性特征[J]. 应用生态学报, 2011, 22(5): 1162-1168.
	[Tan Bo, Wu Fuzhong, Yang Wanqin, et al. Soil hydrolase characteristics in late soil-thawing period in subalpine/alpine forests of west Sichuan[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2011, 22(5): 1162-1168.] pmid: 21812289

处理	纬度	经度	优势植物	扰动历史
云杉林地（PA）	35°35′10″N	104°37′7″E	粗枝云杉（Picea asperata）、北柴胡（Bupleurum chinense）、秦艽（Gentiana macrophylla）、火绒草（Leontopodium leontopodioides）	2002年通过实施“退耕还林还草工程”恢复为云杉林地，没有采取任何进一步管理措施
苜蓿草地（MS）	35°34′48″N	104°39′2″E	紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativa）、赖草（Leymus secalinus）、野艾蒿（Artemisia lavandulaefolia）	2015年在耕地的基础上弃耕，种植苜蓿并围封，成活后未采取进一步管理措施
撂荒地（AL）	35°34′54″N	104°37′57″E	长芒草（Stipa bungeana）、车前（Plantago asiatica）、狗尾草（Setaria viridis）	1999年被弃耕，自然恢复为撂荒地，有少量杂草分布，没有采取任何进一步的管理措施
小麦地（WF）	35°34′45″N	104°39′1″E	春小麦（spring wheat）	2015年在荒地的基础上开垦为农田，种植了春小麦，直到现在

黄土高原不同土地利用方式对土壤N₂O通量的影响

Effects of different land use types on soil N₂O fluxes on the Loess Plateau

RichHTML

PDF (PC)

赞

可视化

摘要/Abstract

引用本文

使用本文

图/表 11

参考文献 35

相关文章 15

Metrics

本文评价

推荐阅读 0

[1]	王一琪, 买文选, 张文太, 王艳艳, 田长彦. 磷肥滴施条件下土壤温度对棉花生长的影响[J]. 干旱区研究, 2025, 42(6): 1151-1158.
[2]	安彬, 陈文靖, 肖薇薇. 气候变暖背景下黄土高原≥0 ℃和≥10 ℃积温时空变化[J]. 干旱区研究, 2025, 42(6): 981-992.
[3]	邱春霞, 刘晓宏, 李豆, 张佳淼, 李朋飞. 机载LiDAR和模糊推理系统在黄土高原土壤侵蚀监测中的应用[J]. 干旱区研究, 2024, 41(8): 1331-1342.
[4]	毛光锐, 赵锦梅, 朱恭, 崔海明, 刘万智. 黄土高原高速公路边坡草本群落植被特征及其与土壤的关系[J]. 干旱区研究, 2024, 41(5): 788-796.
[5]	王鑫盈, 马超, 吕立群, 张岩. 黄土高原不同土地利用类型区浅层滑坡侵蚀特征分析——以蔡家川滑坡事件为例[J]. 干旱区研究, 2024, 41(4): 697-705.
[6]	邢欣然, 张祎, 李鹏, 刘晓君, 陶清瑞, 任正龑, 胥世斌. 模拟干湿条件下土壤酶活性对坝地土壤有机碳矿化的影响[J]. 干旱区研究, 2024, 41(11): 1969-1980.
[7]	李娜, 信会男, 赖宁, 李永福, 吕彩霞, 耿庆龙, 段婧婧, 陈署晃. 不同土地利用方式对农田土壤有机碳组分及土壤微生物量碳的影响[J]. 干旱区研究, 2024, 41(10): 1789-1796.
[8]	赵雨琪, 魏天兴. 1990—2020年黄土高原典型县域植被覆盖变化及影响因素[J]. 干旱区研究, 2024, 41(1): 147-156.
[9]	吕锦心, 梁康, 刘昌明, 张仪辉, 刘璐. 无定河流域土地覆被空间分异机制及相关水碳变量变化[J]. 干旱区研究, 2023, 40(4): 563-572.
[10]	裴宏泽, 赵亚超, 张廷龙. 2000—2020年黄土高原NEP时空格局与驱动力[J]. 干旱区研究, 2023, 40(11): 1833-1844.
[11]	刘欢欢, 陈印, 刘悦, 刚成诚. 基于随机森林模型的黄土高原草地净初级生产力时空格局及未来演变趋势模拟[J]. 干旱区研究, 2023, 40(1): 123-131.
[12]	安彬,肖薇薇,朱妮,刘宇峰. 近60 a黄土高原地区降水集中度与集中期时空变化特征[J]. 干旱区研究, 2022, 39(5): 1333-1344.
[13]	龙志,孙颖琦,郎丽霞,陈兴鹏,张子龙,庞家幸. 黄土高原典型县域碳排放特征与时空格局——以庆城县为例[J]. 干旱区研究, 2022, 39(5): 1631-1641.
[14]	冯强,赵文武,段宝玲. 生态系统服务权衡强度与供需匹配度的关联性分析——以山西省为例[J]. 干旱区研究, 2022, 39(4): 1222-1233.
[15]	姚宏佳,王宝荣,安韶山,杨娥女,黄懿梅. 黄土高原生物结皮形成过程中土壤胞外酶活性及其化学计量变化特征[J]. 干旱区研究, 2022, 39(2): 456-468.