吐鲁番盆地绿洲区地下水“三氮”空间分布与影响因素

doi:10.13866/j.azr.2025.08.11

干旱区研究 ›› 2025, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (8): 1473-1487.doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2025.08.11 cstr: 32277.14.AZR.20250811

吐鲁番盆地绿洲区地下水“三氮”空间分布与影响因素

赵晓玉¹^,²^,³(), 姜凤¹^,²^,³, 周金龙¹^,²^,³(), 周殷竹¹^,⁴, 丁启振¹^,²^,³

1.新疆农业大学水利与土木工程学院，新疆乌鲁木齐 830052
2.新疆水文水资源工程技术研究中心，新疆乌鲁木齐 830052
3.新疆水利工程安全与水灾害防治重点实验室，新疆乌鲁木齐 830052
4.中国地质调查局水文地质环境地质调查中心，天津 300304

收稿日期:2025-04-09 修回日期:2025-06-05 出版日期:2025-08-15 发布日期:2025-11-24
通讯作者: 周金龙. E-mail: zjzhoujl@163.com
作者简介:赵晓玉（2001-），硕士研究生，主要从事水文地球化学方面的研究. E-mail: 18135926563@163.com
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划“大气与土壤、地下水污染综合治理”专项(2023YFC3706901);国家重点研发计划“大气与土壤、地下水污染综合治理”专项(2023YFC3706903)

Spatial distribution and factors influencing “three nitrogen” in groundwater in the oasis area of the Turpan Basin

ZHAO Xiaoyu¹^,²^,³(), JIANG Feng¹^,²^,³, ZHOU Jinlong¹^,²^,³(), ZHOU Yinzhu¹^,⁴, DING Qizhen¹^,²^,³

1. College of Hydraulic and Civil Engineering, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, Xinjiang, China
2. Xinjiang Hydrology and Water Resources Engineering Research Center, Urumqi 830052, Xinjiang, China
3. Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Security and Water Disasters Prevention, Urumqi 830052, Xinjiang, China
4. Center for Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, China Geological Survey, Tianjin 300304, China

Received:2025-04-09 Revised:2025-06-05 Published:2025-08-15 Online:2025-11-24

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 地下水对吐鲁番盆地绿洲区经济发展起着不可替代的作用，但其“三氮”（NO₃^--N、NO₂^--N和NH₄⁺-N）造成了一定程度的污染风险，影响着当地居民的健康。基于2023年采集的54组水样分析结果，综合运用数理统计法、APCS-MLR模型、相关性分析、离子比值法、空间插值法等方法分析该区域地下水“三氮”空间分布与影响因素。结果表明：（1）研究区地下水整体呈中性偏弱碱性，多为淡水。NO₃^--N超标率为35.56%，NO₂^--N和NH₄⁺-N均未超标。水平方向上，NO₃^--N含量呈现由西北向东南逐渐递增趋势；垂直方向上，超标的NO₃^--N多集中于60~100 m的浅层潜水和20~55 m的承压水区浅层地下水。（2）研究区地下水中“三氮”分别处于不同污染源中，由APCS-MLR模型量化得出，NO₃^--N主要在人类活动污染源上载荷较大（47.56%），NO₂^--N主要受自然条件影响（62.47%），NH₄⁺-N主要受碱性还原环境影响（55.73%）。（3）影响吐鲁番盆地绿洲区地下水“三氮”分布的因素包括人类活动、水化学环境、地下水位埋深及包气带岩性。

关键词: 地下水, 三氮, APCS-MLR模型, 影响因素, 吐鲁番盆地

Abstract:

Groundwater plays an essential role in supporting economic development in the oasis region of the Turpan Basin, Xinjiang, China. However, pollution by the “three nitrogen” compounds (NO₃^--N, NO₂^--N, and NH₄⁺-N) poses a certain degree of environmental and health risks to local residents. Based on the analysis results of 54 groundwater samples collected in 2023, this study investigates the spatial distribution and factors influencing the “three nitrogen” forms using mathematical statistics, the APCS-MLR model, hydrochemical correlation analysis, ion ratio analysis, and spatial interpolation methods. The results revealed the following: (1) Groundwater in the study area was generally neutral to weakly alkaline and primarily comprised fresh water. The over-standard rate for NO₃^--N was 35.56%, whereas NO₂^--N and NH₄⁺-N concentrations did not exceed the standard. Horizontally, NO₃^--N concentrations increased gradually from northwest to southeast. Vertically, excessive NO₃^--N was mainly concentrated in unconfined shallow waters at depths of 60-100 m and in confined shallow groundwater at depths of 20-55 m. (2) The “three nitrogen” species in groundwater were derived from different pollution sources. The APCS-MLR analysis indicated that NO₃^--N was predominantly associated with anthropogenic activities (47.56%), NO₂^--N was mainly affected by natural conditions (62.47%), and NH₄⁺-N was largely related to alkaline and reducing environments (55.73%). (3) The primary factors influencing the spatial distribution of the “three nitrogen” compounds included human activities, hydrochemical environment, groundwater table depth, and the lithology of the vadose zone.

Key words: groundwater, three nitrogen compounds, APCS-MLR model, influencing factors, Turpan Basin

赵晓玉, 姜凤, 周金龙, 周殷竹, 丁启振. 吐鲁番盆地绿洲区地下水“三氮”空间分布与影响因素[J]. 干旱区研究, 2025, 42(8): 1473-1487.

ZHAO Xiaoyu, JIANG Feng, ZHOU Jinlong, ZHOU Yinzhu, DING Qizhen. Spatial distribution and factors influencing “three nitrogen” in groundwater in the oasis area of the Turpan Basin[J]. Arid Zone Research, 2025, 42(8): 1473-1487.

图/表 11

图1

图2

图3

表1

吐鲁番盆地绿洲区地下水、不同含水层及不同区、县地下水中“三氮”含量统计"

类型	指标	样本数/个	检出率/%	超标个数/个	点位超标率/%	最大值/（mg·L^-1）	最小值 /（mg·L^-1）	平均值 /（mg·L^-1）	标准差	变异系数/%
吐鲁番盆地绿洲区地下水	NO₃^--N	45	100.00	16	35.56	121.16	2.50	24.21	28.04	115.81
	NO₂^--N	45	100.00	0	0.00	0.05	0.01	0.02	0.01	45.00
	NH₄⁺-N	45	95.56	0	0.00	0.29	ND	0.12	0.06	48.44
浅层潜水	NO₃^--N	15	100.00	6	40.00	121.16	2.93	36.09	38.87	107.68
	NO₂^--N	15	100.00	0	0.00	0.03	0.01	0.02	0.01	32.71
	NH₄⁺-N	15	86.67	0	0.00	0.29	ND	0.11	0.06	59.30
深层潜水	NO₃^--N	12	100.00	3	25.00	45.38	3.71	13.61	11.49	84.45
	NO₂^--N	12	100.00	0	0.00	0.05	0.01	0.03	0.01	46.05
	NH₄⁺-N	12	100.00	0	0.00	0.22	0.06	0.11	0.05	45.95
承压水区浅层地下水	NO₃^--N	13	100.00	7	53.85	72.89	4.20	27.39	20.92	76.40
	NO₂^--N	13	100.00	0	0.00	0.05	0.01	0.02	0.01	47.89
	NH₄⁺-N	13	100.00	0	0.00	0.20	0.07	0.13	0.04	32.16
承压水区深层地下水	NO₃^--N	5	100.00	1	20.00	41.14	2.50	12.33	14.51	117.64
	NO₂^--N	5	100.00	0	0.00	0.04	0.02	0.03	0.01	29.26
	NH₄⁺-N	5	100.00	0	0.00	0.27	0.07	0.12	0.07	63.82
地表水	NO₃^--N	8	100.00	0	0.00	7.24	2.47	4.40	1.30	29.55
	NO₂^--N	8	100.00	0	0.00	0.08	0.02	0.05	0.02	49.52
	NH₄⁺-N	8	87.50	0	0.00	0.27	ND	0.17	0.06	38.16
泉水	NO₃^--N	1	100.00	0	0.00	-	-	-	-	-
	NO₂^--N	1	100.00	0	0.00	-	-	-	-	-
	NH₄⁺-N	1	100.00	0	0.00	-	-	-	-	-
鄯善县地下水	NO₃^--N	20	100.00	7	35.00	121.16	2.93	30.64	32.44	105.85
	NO₂^--N	20	100.00	0	0.00	0.05	0.01	0.03	0.01	40.67
	NH₄⁺-N	20	95.00	0	0.00	0.22	ND	0.09	0.04	42.47
高昌区地下水	NO₃^--N	17	100.00	6	35.29	72.89	2.50	18.94	18.61	98.27
	NO₂^--N	17	100.00	0	0.00	0.03	0.01	0.02	0.01	35.16
	NH₄⁺-N	17	94.12	0	0.00	0.27	ND	0.13	0.06	43.52
托克逊县地下水	NO₃^--N	8	100.00	3	37.50	47.40	6.35	19.33	12.97	67.12
	NO₂^--N	8	100.00	0	0.00	0.03	0.01	0.02	0.01	33.82
	NH₄⁺-N	8	100.00	0	0.00	0.29	0.07	0.15	0.06	44.68

表1

图4

图5

表2

图6

图7

图8

图9

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总方差解释				旋转成分矩阵					各因子贡献率/%
公因子	初始特征值			理化指标	公因子				理化指标	公因子
公因子	总计	方差贡献率/%	累计贡献率/%	理化指标	F1	F2	F3	F4	理化指标	F1	F2	F3	F4
1	7.11	50.80	50.80	Na⁺	0.94	0.17	0.05	0.06	pH	0.55	7.60	7.06	0.41
2	2.23	15.92	66.72	SO₄^2-	0.93	0.05	-0.14	0.16	ORP	3.50	2.20	12.69	51.55
3	1.42	10.14	76.85	TDS	0.91	0.38	0.01	-0.03	TDS	68.59	19.91	2.40	4.99
4	1.11	7.95	84.80	EC	0.90	0.39	0.00	-0.04	EC	71.33	20.17	0.23	7.40
5	0.75	5.32	90.13	K⁺	0.89	-0.05	-0.17	0.18	K⁺	37.21	6.35	22.65	20.69
6	0.61	4.37	94.50	Mg²⁺	0.89	0.18	-0.17	0.16	Na⁺	33.33	21.61	10.95	10.85
7	0.32	2.32	96.81	Cl^-	0.78	0.39	0.10	-0.17	Mg²⁺	25.41	23.67	14.07	20.73
8	0.22	1.54	98.35	NO₃^--N	0.17	0.86	-0.03	0.22	NH₄⁺-N	0.54	4.45	55.73	18.17
9	0.12	0.82	99.17	HCO₃^-	0.30	0.76	-0.39	-0.03	Cl^-	45.82	11.02	13.28	19.25
10	0.08	0.55	99.73	pH	-0.40	-0.67	0.56	0.04	SO₄^2-	25.95	9.06	25.40	25.95
11	0.02	0.16	99.89	As	-0.08	-0.20	0.85	-0.20	HCO₃^-	1.86	38.52	22.06	1.26
12	0.01	0.07	99.96	NH₄⁺-N	0.07	-0.08	0.84	0.31	NO₃^--N	1.14	47.56	1.73	11.74
13	0.00	0.03	99.98	NO₂^--N	0.12	-0.17	-0.20	-0.82	NO₂^--N	0.35	5.78	6.43	62.47
14	0.00	0.02	100.00	ORP	0.39	-0.03	-0.15	0.71	As	0.56	11.73	55.70	11.37

吐鲁番盆地绿洲区地下水“三氮”空间分布与影响因素

Spatial distribution and factors influencing “three nitrogen” in groundwater in the oasis area of the Turpan Basin

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