不同坡向雪岭云杉天然更新影响因素分析

doi:10.13866/j.azr.2023.10.12

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为了解不同坡向环境因子对雪岭云杉林天然更新的影响，在天山北坡中段同一海拔雪岭云杉林的阴坡、半阴坡、半阳坡、阳坡设置系列样方开展调查，构建不同坡向环境因子-更新指数结构方程模型，根据各坡向环境特征分析云杉幼苗存活现状与环境因素间的关系。结果表明：（1）半阴坡和半阳坡更适宜幼苗的存活和生长，二者更新指数(0.065、0.057)显著高于阴坡和阳坡；（2）凋落物对雪岭云杉更新有双重作用，凋落物未分解层过厚不利于更新，丰富的有机质可促进土壤形成高氮环境，有利于林下幼苗更新；（3）不同坡向环境因子对更新指数的作用强度依次为：全氮含量（0.60）>成年树密度（0.46）>凋落物半分解层（0.37）>全钾含量（0.24）>有机质含量（0.23）>全磷含量（－0.16）>速效磷含量（－0.32）>凋落物未分解层厚度（－0.34）。综合来看，该区域的雪岭云杉幼苗在郁闭度大小为0.6左右，凋落物厚度为2.5 cm左右，土壤全氮、全钾含量较高的半阴坡、半阳坡更新较好。

关键词: 雪岭云杉, 天然更新, 坡向, 环境因子, 结构方程模型, 天山北坡

Abstract:

The influence of different slope-facing environmental factors on the natural regeneration of Picea schrenkiana in the middle section of the northern slope of Tianshan Mountains was investigated. A series of plots were established on shady, semishady, semisunny, and sunny slopes at the same altitude, in a Picea schrenkiana forest to develop the structure equation model for the regeneration index which uses different slope-facing environmental factors. According to the environmental characteristics of the different slope-facings, the relationship between the survival status of Picea schrenkiana seedlings and environmental factors was analyzed. The results showed that the semishady and semisunny slopes were more suitable for the survival and growth of seedlings, and the regeneration indexes of the two slopes (0.065 and 0.057) were significantly higher than those of the shady and sunny slopes. Litter was found to have a dual effect on the regeneration of Picea schrenkiana. The undecomposed litter layer was too thick to be beneficial to regeneration, while the rich organic matter could promote the formation of a high nitrogen environment in the soil, which was conducive to the regeneration of seedlings. The influence of different slope-facing environmental factors on the regeneration index was in the order of total nitrogen content (0.60) > adult tree density (0.46) > litter half-decomposed layer (0.37) > total potassium content (0.24) > organic matter content (0.23) > total phosphorus content (-0.16) > available phosphorus content (-0.32) > litter undecomposed layer thickness (-0.34). Overall, the regeneration of Picea schrenkiana seedlings in the region was best on the semishady and semisunny slopes with a closure degree of approximately 0.6 and litter thickness of approximately 2.5 cm, as well as high total nitrogen and total potassium contents in the soil.

Key words: Picea schrenkiana, natural regeneration, slope, environmental factors, structural equation model, northern slope of Tianshan Mountains

王冠正, 常顺利, 王建萍, 张毓涛, 孙雪娇, 李翔. 不同坡向雪岭云杉天然更新影响因素分析[J]. 干旱区研究, 2023, 40(10): 1661-1669.

WANG Guanzheng, CHANG Shunli, WANG Jianping, ZHANG Yutao, SUN Xuejiao, LI Xiang. Factors affecting Picea schrenkiana regeneration on different slope directions[J]. Arid Zone Research, 2023, 40(10): 1661-1669.

图/表 7

表1

表2

图1

表3

图2

图3

表4

参考文献 26

[1]	赵维俊, 刘贤德, 金铭, 等. 祁连山青海云杉林群落结构特征分析[J]. 干旱区研究, 2012, 29(4): 615-620.
	[Zhao Weijun, Liu Xiande, Jin Ming, et al. Analysis on community structure of Picea crassifolia forests in the Qilian Mountains[J]. Arid Zone Research, 2012, 29(4): 615-620.]
[2]	杨秀清, 韩有志, 李乐, 等. 华北山地典型天然次生林土壤氮素空间异质性对落叶松幼苗更新的影响[J]. 生态学报, 2009, 29(9): 4656-4664.
	[Yang Xiuqing, Han Youzhi, Li Le, et al. The effect of heterogeneous spatial distribution of soil nitrogen on regeneration of Larix principis-rupprechtii seedlings in typical naturally-regenerated montane forests of Northen China[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2009, 29(9): 4656-4664.]
[3]	陈永富. 森林天然更新障碍机制研究进展[J]. 世界林业研究, 2012, 25(2): 41-45.
	[Chen Yongfu. Research progress of natural regeneration barrier of forest[J]. World Forestry Research, 2012, 25(2): 41-45.]
[4]	陈圣宾, 宋爱琴, 李振基. 森林幼苗更新对光环境异质性的响应研究进展[J]. 应用生态学报, 2005, 16(2): 365-370. pmid: 15852940
	[Chen Shengbin, Song Aiqin, Li Zhenji. Research advance in response of forest seedling regeneration to light environmental heterogeneity[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2005, 16(2): 365-370.] pmid: 15852940
[5]	丁易, 臧润国, 杨世彬, 等. 海南霸王岭棕榈植物对热带低地雨林树木更新的影响[J]. 林业科学, 2009, 45(9): 18-23.
	[Ding Yi, Zang Runguo, Yang Shibin. Effects of palms on trees regeneration in the tropical lowland rain forest of Bawangling, Hainan Island[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2009, 45(9): 18-23.]
[6]	张志东, 毛培利, 刘玉虹, 等. 林分结构对烟台黑松海岸防护林天然更新的影响[J]. 生态学报, 2010, 30(8): 2205-2211.
	[Zhang Zhidong, Mao Peili, Liu Yuhong, et al. Effects of forest structure on natural regeneration of Pinus thunbergii coastal shelter forest in Yantai region[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2010, 30(8): 2205-2211.]
[7]	Jiao L, Jiang Y, Zhang W, et al. Assessing the stability of radial growth responses to climate change by two dominant conifer trees species in the Tianshan Mountains, Northwest China[J]. Forest Ecology and Management, 2019, 433: 667-677. doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2018.11.046
[8]	Zhang R, Yuan Y, Gou X, et al. Intra-annual radial growth of Schrenk spruce (Picea schrenkiana Fisch. et Mey) and its response to climate on the northern slopes of the Tianshan Mountains[J]. Dendrochronologia, 2016, 40: 36-42. doi: 10.1016/j.dendro.2016.06.002
[9]	阿地来·赛提尼亚孜, 常顺利, 张毓涛, 等. 天山雪岭云杉林群落组成与结构10年动态变化[J]. 生态学杂志 2021, 40(10): 3033-3040.
	[Adilai Saitiniyazi, Chang Shunli, Zhang Yutao, et al. A decade variation of species composition and community structure of Picea schrenkiana forest in Tianshan Mountains[J]. Chinese Journal of Ecology 2021, 40(10): 3033-3040.]
[10]	陈娟, 张小晶, 李巧玉, 等. 不同坡向川西亚高山林木竞争与叶片表型可塑性的关系研究[J]. 生态学报, 2022, 42(5): 1788-1797.
	[Chen Juan, Zhang Xiaojing, Li Qiaoyu, et al. Relationships between competition intensity and leaf phenotypic plasticity of woody plants in subalpine forests on different slope directions[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2022, 42(5): 1788-1797.]
[11]	刘旻霞, 马建祖. 甘南高寒草甸植物功能性状和土壤因子对坡向的响应[J]. 应用生态学报, 2012, 23(12): 74-79.
	[Liu Minxia, Ma Jianzu. Responses of plant functional traits and soil factors to slope aspect in alpine meadow of South Gansu, Northwest China[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2012, 23(12): 74-79.]
[12]	张树梓, 李梅, 张树彬, 等. 塞罕坝华北落叶松人工林天然更新影响因子[J]. 生态学报, 2015, 35(16): 5403-5411.
	[Zhang Shuzi, Li Mei, Zhang Shubin, et al. Factors affecting natural regeneration of Larix principis-rupprechtii plantations in Saihanba of Hebei, China[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2015, 35(16): 5403-5411.]
[13]	曾思齐, 甘静静, 肖化顺, 等. 木荷次生林林木更新与土壤特征的相关性[J]. 生态学报, 2014, 34(15): 4242-4250.
	[Zeng Siqi, Gan Jingjing, Xiao Huashun, et al. Changes in soil properties in regenerating Schima superba secondary forests[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2014, 34(15): 4242-4250.]
[14]	杨锡涛, 周学红, 张伟. 基于熵值法的我国野生动物资源可持续发展研究[J]. 生态学报, 2012, 32(22): 7230-7288. doi: 10.5846/stxb
	[Yang Xitao, Zhou Xuehong, Zhang Wei. Research of wildlife resources sustainable development based on entropy method in China[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2012, 32(22): 7230-7288.] doi: 10.5846/stxb
[15]	卫舒平, 梁文俊, 魏曦, 等. 不同密度华北落叶松林天然更新及其影响因子[J]. 应用生态学报, 2023, 33(10): 2687-2694.
	[Wei Shuping, Liang Wenjun, Wei Xi, et al. Natural regeneration of Larix principis-rupprechtii plantations with different densities and its influencing factors[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2023, 33(10): 2687-2694.]
[16]	张桥英, 罗鹏, 张运春, 等. 白马雪山阴坡林线长苞冷杉(Abies georgei)种群结构特征[J]. 生态学报, 2008, 28(1): 129-135. doi: 10.1016/S1872-2032(08)60022-0
	[Zhang Qiaoying, Luo Peng, Zhang Yunchun, et al. Ecological characteristics of Abies georgei population at timberline on the north-facing slope of Baima Snow Mountain, Southwest China[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2008, 28(1): 129-135.] doi: 10.1016/S1872-2032(08)60022-0
[17]	段劼, 马履一, 贾黎明, 等. 抚育间伐对侧柏人工林及林下植被生长的影响[J]. 生态学报, 2010, 30(6): 1431-1441.
	[Duan Jie, Ma Lvyi, Jia Liming, et al. Effect of thinning on Platycladus orientalis plantation and the diversity of undergrowth vegetation[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2010, 30(6): 1431-1441.]
[18]	李敏敏, 刘鹏程, 孔维民, 等. 濒危植物澜沧黄杉种群结构及动态特征[J]. 生态学报, 2022, 42(13): 5504-5515.
	[Li Minmin, Liu Pengcheng, Kong Weimin, et al. Population structure and dynamic characteristics of the endangered Pseudotsuga forrestii Craib[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2022, 42(13): 5504-5515.]
[19]	Drobyshev I V. Regeneration of Norway spruce in canopy gaps in Sphagnum-Myrtillus old-growth forests[J]. Forest Ecology and Management, 1999, 115(1): 71-83. doi: 10.1016/S0378-1127(98)00437-X
[20]	王贺新, 李根柱, 于冬梅, 等. 枯枝落叶层对森林天然更新的障碍[J]. 生态学杂志, 2008, 27(1): 83-88.
	[Wang Hexin, Li Genzhu, Yu Dongmei, et al. Barrier effect of litter layer on natural regeneration of forests: A review[J]. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 2008, 27(1): 83-88.]
[21]	常雅军, 曹靖, 李建建, 等. 秦岭西部山地针叶林凋落物层的化学性质[J]. 生态学杂志, 2009, 28(7): 1308-1315.
	[Chang Yajun, Cao Jing, Li Jianjian, et al. Chemical properties of litter layers in coniferous forests of western Qinling Mountains[J]. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 2009, 28(7): 1308-1315.]
[22]	高人, 周广柱. 辽宁东部山区几种主要森林植被类型枯落物层持水性能研究[J]. 沈阳农业大学学报, 2002, 33(2): 115-118.
	[Gao Ren, Zhou Guangzhu. A study on water-holding properties of litter layer for various major forest vegetation types in eastern mountainous region in Liaoning Province[J]. Journal of Shenyang Agricultural University, 2002, 33(2): 115-118.]
[23]	魏玉龙, 张秋良. 兴安落叶松林缘天然更新与立地环境因子的相关分析[J]. 南京林业大学学报:自然科学版, 2020, 44(2): 165-172.
	[Wei Yulong, Zhang Qiuliang. Forest edge renewal of Larix gmelinii and its response to the environment[J]. Journal of Nanjing Forestry University(Natural Sciences Edition), 2020, 44(2): 165-172.]
[24]	刘效东, 乔玉娜, 周国逸. 土壤有机质对土壤水分保持及其有效性的控制作用[J]. 植物生态学报, 2011, 35(12): 1209-1218. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1258.2011.01209
	[Liu Xiaodong, Qiao Yuna, Zhou Guoyi. Controlling action of soil organic matter on soil moisture retention and its availability[J]. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2011, 35(12): 1209-1218.] doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1258.2011.01209
[25]	杨赵, 杨育华, 支国强, 等. 不同碳形态有机质对土壤氮磷流失的影响[J]. 环境科学与技术, 2011, 34(S1): 51-54.
	[Yang Zhao, Yang Yuhua, Zhi Guoqiang, et al. Effect of different carbon sources of organic matter on the soil nitrogen and phosphorus loss[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2011, 34(S1): 51-54.]
[26]	刘斌, 陈维, 陈伏生, 等. 九连山次生阔叶林幼苗生长对氮磷添加的响应[J]. 应用生态学报, 2020, 31(8): 2533-2540. doi: 10.13287/j.1001-9332.202008.020
	[Liu Bin, Chen Wei, Chen Fusheng, et al. Responses of seedling growth in subtropical secondary broad-leaved forest to nitrogen and phosphorus addition in Jiulian Mountain, China[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2020, 31(8): 2533-2540.] doi: 10.13287/j.1001-9332.202008.020

坡向	平均海拔 /m	平均坡度 /(°)	成年树数量	幼树数量	幼苗数量	平均树高 /m	平均胸径 /cm	草本植物盖度 /%
阴坡	2156	22	365	521	418	4.48±3.0	6.22±3.0	36.2±6.3
半阴坡	2202	28	518	1320	594	5.44±2.0	6.93±1.9	25.5±8.2
半阳坡	2210	19	439	743	668	3.84±2.4	5.25±3.2	18.1±8.7
阳坡	2185	25	425	410	360	6.08±3.8	8.7±5.2	9.6±6.5

坡向	分布情况	生长情况	年龄结构	更新指数
阴坡	0.168±0.060b	0.368±0.057a	0.0784±0.005b	0.029±0.003b
半阴坡	0.291±0.068a	0.483±0.053a	0.249±0.062a	0.065±0.012a
半阳坡	0.360±0.078a	0.310±0.069b	0.187±0.058a	0.057±0.009a
阳坡	0.152±0.053b	0.344±0.060a	0.066±0.044b	0.026±0.010b
信息熵	0.904	0.9561	0.8761
变异系数	0.096	0.0439	0.1239
权重/%	36.40	16.65	46.96

土壤理化性质指标	阴坡	半阴坡	半阳坡	阳坡
NI/（mg·kg^-1）	0.07±0.01a	0.03±0.01b	0.03±0.01b	0.03±0.01b
OR/（g·kg^-1）	71.11±9.67b	97.42±13.40a	94±10.20a	68.51±11.30b
TN/（g·kg^-1）	3.17±1.37b	5.33±1.62a	5.08±1.28a	2.10±0.52b
TP/（g·kg^-1）	0.71±0.18ab	0.56±0.229b	0.60±0.30b	0.83±0.13a
TK/（g·kg^-1）	24.20±2.42a	25.41±1.72a	26.50±2.22a	24.40±3.26a
AN/（mg·kg^-1）	336±137a	276±97.60a	293±79.50a	343±93.91a
AP/（mg·kg^-1）	7.77±1.36b	6.46±1.86bc	5.91±1.56c	10.10±1.10a
AK/（mg·kg^-1）	237±48a	174±28.52b	155±30.30b	266±43a
SK/（g·kg^-1）	1560±111a	1280±189b	1130±183bc	1080±155c

因子	直接影响	间接影响	总影响
LT	-0.34	0	-0.34
NT	0.24	0.22	0.46
OR	-0.45	0.69	0.23
TN	0.69	0	0.60
TP	-0.16	0	-0.16
TK	0.24	0	0.24
AP	0.16	-0.48	-0.32
MT	0.14	0.23	0.37