塔里木河下游河段耗水特征与输水方式演变研究

doi:10.13866/j.azr.2022.01.15

干旱区研究 ›› 2022, Vol. 39 ›› Issue (1): 144-154.doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2022.01.15

塔里木河下游河段耗水特征与输水方式演变研究

周龙^1,²(),杨鹏年^1,²(),王永鹏^1,²,艾力西尔·库尔班³,王光焰⁴

1.新疆农业大学水利与土木工程学院,新疆乌鲁木齐 830052
2.新疆水利工程安全与水灾害防治重点实验室,新疆乌鲁木齐 830052
3.中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所,新疆乌鲁木齐 830011
4.新疆塔里木河流域干流管理局,新疆库尔勒 841000

收稿日期:2021-07-12 修回日期:2021-10-21 出版日期:2022-01-15 发布日期:2022-01-24
通讯作者: 杨鹏年
作者简介:周龙（1997-）,男,硕士研究生,主要从事水文及水资源. E-mail: ti147369@163.com
基金资助:
新疆维吾尔自治区塔里木河流域管理局项目“塔里木河下游生态输水轮渗灌溉植被恢复响应监测研究与示范”(TGJJG-2020KYXM0002);四维同化框架下荒漠河岸林蒸散与地下水互制机理解藕建模(U2003105)

Characteristics of water consumption and the evolution of water delivery methods in the lower reach of the Tarim River

ZHOU Long^1,²(),YANG Pengnian^1,²(),WANG Yongpeng^1,²,Alishir Kurban³,WANG Guangyan⁴

1. College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, Xinjiang, China
2. Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Water Conservancy Engineering Safety and Water Disaster Prevention, Urumqi 830052, Xinjiang, China
3. Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, China
4. Xinjiang Tarim River Basin Mainstream Management Bureau, Korla 841000, Xinjiang, China

Received:2021-07-12 Revised:2021-10-21 Online:2022-01-15 Published:2022-01-24
Contact: Pengnian YANG

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

采用水量平衡法、实地勘查和遥感影像数据相结合的方式,阐述了生态输水后河道输水方式变化对河床渗透性能演变、不同输水方式下水环境响应特征;分析了输水后塔里木河下游河道的耗水率和河床透水性规律以及生态闸后近自然漫溢下的MNDWI变化特征。结果表明：（1）持续输水河道的波涌灌效应会增强,减少对地下水补给量;（2）以库木吐格为代表的生态闸后的随机化输水,缺乏合理调控,形成了常流水河段,导致部分区域地下水位过高,潜水蒸发量增加;（3）以博孜库勒为代表的近自然方式下的沟汊漫溢对该区域地下水位及植被恢复起到了重要作用,但随着输水沟汊的固化与积水面的形成,出现由旱区植被向以芦苇为代表的湿地植被景观演化的现象,导致水面蒸发量增加;（4）缺乏调控下的生态闸与近自然方式下输水均产生了一定面积的水域和湿地植被。对地处干旱的塔里木河流域来说,应遵循河流伦理的要求,通过人工干预下的调控输水,采用汊河轮渗与漫溢相结合的输水方式,不仅可提高下泄水量的利用效率,进一步扩大生态修复区域,而且可实现对不同恢复目标区水量耗散的调控,达到植被恢复面积的最大化。

关键词: 汊河输水, 植被耗水, 生态闸调控, 塔里木河下游

Abstract:

The water consumption rate of the lower reaches of the Tarim River and the water permeability of the riverbed after water transfer were analyzed in this study, and the Modified Normalized Difference Moisture Index (MNDWI) change characteristics under the near-natural overflow behind the ecological gate were revealed. The results were as follows. (1) Continuous water delivery reduced the water consumption rate per unit river length and reduced the replenishment of soil water and groundwater. (2) Randomized water delivery behind the ecological gate represented by Kumtuge lacked orderly regulation and formed a constant river flow section; this led to excessively high groundwater levels in some areas and increased the ineffectiveness of evaporation. (3) Ditch overflow under near-natural conditions represented by Bozkule played an important role in the groundwater level and vegetation restoration in the area, but the solidification of ditches and formation of low-lying water areas tended to facilitate evolution of vegetation in dry areas into a single type of water-loving vegetation; this increased ineffective evaporation and luxury transpiration. (4) The ecological gate lacking regulation as well as the control and near-natural water delivery produced excessive surface water and wetland vegetation, which is in conflict with river ethics for the arid Tarim River Basin. Adjusting and regulating water delivery with manual intervention, i.e., using a combination of infiltration and flooding via a river wheel, should be considered the main method of water delivery in the future. This will not only improve the utilization efficiency of the discharged water and further expand the ecological restoration area but also facilitate the regulation and control of water dissipation in different restoration target areas, which would maximize the vegetation in these restoration areas.

Key words: ditch river water delivery, vegetation water consumption, ecological gate regulation, the lower reaches of the Tarim River

周龙,杨鹏年,王永鹏,艾力西尔·库尔班,王光焰. 塔里木河下游河段耗水特征与输水方式演变研究[J]. 干旱区研究, 2022, 39(1): 144-154.

ZHOU Long,YANG Pengnian,WANG Yongpeng,Alishir Kurban,WANG Guangyan. Characteristics of water consumption and the evolution of water delivery methods in the lower reach of the Tarim River[J]. Arid Zone Research, 2022, 39(1): 144-154.

图/表 10

图1

表1

塔里木河下游生态输水情况"

名称	输水方式	输水时间	输水量/10⁴m³	水头到达
第一次输水	单河道输水	2000年5—7月	9923	喀尔达依
第二次输水	单河道输水	2000年11月—2001年2月	22655	阿拉干
第三次第一阶段	双河道输水	2001年4—7月	18433	依干布及麻
第三次第二阶段	双河道输水	2001年9—11月	19790	台特玛湖
第四次输水	双河道输水	2002年7—11月	33129	台特玛湖
第五次第一阶段	单河道输水	2003年3—7月	34028	台特玛湖
第五次第二阶段	双河道输水	2003年8—11月	27997	台特玛湖
第六次输水	单河道输水	2004年4—6月	10527	台特玛湖
第七次第一阶段	单河道输水	2005年4—6月	5236	阿拉干
第七次第二阶段	单河道输水	2005年8—11月	22997	台特玛湖
第八次输水	双河道、生态闸输水	2006年9—11月	20098	库尔干
第九次输水	单河道、生态闸输水	2007年9—10月	1411	喀尔达依
第十次输水	单河道、生态闸输水	2009年11—12月	1027	喀尔达依
第十一次输水	单河道、生态闸输水	2010年6—11月	38952	台特玛湖
第十二次输水	双河道、生态闸及汊河输水	2011年4—11月	85211	台特玛湖
第十三次输水	双河道、生态闸及汊河输水	2012年4—11月	66716	台特玛湖
第十四次输水	双河道、生态闸及汊河输水	2013年4—10月	48800	台特玛湖
十五次输水	双河道、生态闸及汊河输水	2014年6月	727	大西海子以下172 km
十六次输水	双河道、生态闸及汊河输水	2015年8—11月	46128	台特玛湖
十七次输水	双河道、生态闸及汊河输水	2016年8—10月	67611	台特玛湖
十八次输水	双河道、生态闸及汊河输水	2017年4月—2018年1月	121461	台特玛湖
十九次输水	双河道、生态闸及汊河输水	2018年4—11月	70006	台特玛湖
二十次输水	双河道、生态闸及汊河输水	2019年8—12月	46482	台特玛湖
二十一次输水	双河道、生态闸及汊河输水	2020年9—11月	27934	台特玛湖

表1

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图5

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图9

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塔里木河下游河段耗水特征与输水方式演变研究

Characteristics of water consumption and the evolution of water delivery methods in the lower reach of the Tarim River

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