Table of Content

15 March 2019, Volume 36 Issue 2 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Cover 2019, 36 (2):  0-0.  Abstract ( 569 )   PDF (272KB) ( 113 )   Related Articles | Metrics

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Contents 2019, 36 (2):  0-0.  Abstract ( 232 )   PDF (315KB) ( 114 )   Related Articles | Metrics

Pan-Third Pole Enviornment and Green Silk Road

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Change and Attribution of Reference Evapotranspiration over the Tibetan Plateau during the Period of 1971-2014 WANG Bu-wei, ZHANG Xue-qin 2019, 36 (2):  269-279.  doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2019.02.01 Abstract ( 2655 )   PDF (5212KB) ( 641 )   It is indispensable to explore the spatiotemporal variation of reference evapotranspiration over the Tibetan Plateau and its driving factors so as to deepen the understanding of regional hydrological process and its response to climate change. The daily data from 75 meteorological stations over the plateau were utilized to analyze the spatiotemporal change of evapotranspiration based on the modified formula of FAO 56 Penman-Monteith, and the contribution of climatic factors to the variation during the period of 1971-2014 was discussed. The main conclusions are summarized as follows: Annual reference evapotranspiration over the Tibetan Plateau tended to an increase, especially in the region south from 33°N from 1997 to 2014 with an average linear trend of 40.16 mm·(10a)-1. It, however, decreased remarkably at the rate of -27.07 mm·(10a)-1 from 1971 to 1996, and the dominant climatic factor resulting in the decrease was the reduction of wind speed, especially in Northern Plateau. Reduction of relative humidity played a crucial role in increasing the reference evapotranspiration from 1997 to 2014. In addition, the biggest contribution factor to the seasonal variation of reference evapotranspiration shifted from the reduction of wind speed (from 1971 to 1996) to the decrease of relative humidity (from 1997 to 2014) and the dominant factor to the summer variation of reference evapotranspiration shifted from the increase of relative humidity (from 1971 to 1996) to the increase of annual mean relative sunshine duration (from 1997 to 2014). References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Drought Reconstruction Based on Tree-Ring Width in Headwaters of the Lancang River HUANG Xiao-mei, XIAO Ding-mu, QIN Ning-sheng 2019, 36 (2):  280-289.  doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2019.02.02 Abstract ( 12 )   PDF (1KB) ( 0 )   Tree-ring width residual chronology (RES) was developed from the tree-ring samples collected in Angsai Township, Zaduo County, Qinghai Province. The results of general survey showed that there was a high correlation between the tree-ring width chronology and the SPEI (June-July) at 12-month time scale. The June-July SPEI in the headwaters of the Lancang River was reconstructed from AD 1639 to 2013, and it was used to explain the 37.4% of the total SPEI variance during their common period. The cross-validation revealed that the reconstructed equation was stable. The results showed that the relatively wet periods occurred during 1694-1710, 1753-1778, 1830-1847, 1862-1872, 1892-1908, 1919-1929 and 1978-1989, and the relatively dry periods occurred during 1646-1673, 1682-1693, 1711-1731, 1735-1752, 1796-1809, 1817-1829, 1848-1861, 1873-1886, 1949-1959 and 1990-2000, respectively. The reconstructed SPEI series revealed that there were the significant variation periods of 30-64, 19-21, 4.2-4.3, 2.6-3.2, 2.5 and 2.2 years. Correlation analysis showed that the sea surface temperature in the middle-east equator Pacific Ocean affected significantly the dry-wet changes in the headwaters of the Lancang River. Our reconstruction was associated with the large-scale atmospheric-oceanic variability, such as the El Nio-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and solar activity. This SPEI reconstruction could provide a long-term drought history in the headwaters of the Lancang River and serve as the scientific basis for water resources management in this semiarid region. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Tree-Ring-Based Reconstruction of Minimum Temperature in North Tajikistan in Recent 160 Years YANG Mei-lin, TA Zhi-jie, WU Yan-liang, ZHAO Peng, YU Rui-de 2019, 36 (2):  290-295.  doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2019.02.03 Abstract ( 4 )   PDF (1167KB) ( 0 )   The correlation analysis between the normalized tree-ring width chronology of Juniperus turkestanica and the regional climatic elements in northern Tajikistan showed that the mean minimum temperature in February and March of the same year was significantly correlated with the radial growth of trees. According to this,the average minimum temperature in the region from February to March,1857-2016 was reconstructed. The reconstruction equation could be used to explain 39.5% variation of the minimum temperature,and the interpretation amount after adjusting the degree of freedom was 37.5%. The results showed that,in recent 160 years,the study area experienced 6 high-temperature periods including the periods of 1857-1878,1885-1890,1907-1915,1926-1931,1960-1967 and 1994-2016,and 5 low-temperature periods including the periods of 1879-1884,1891-1906,1916-1925,1932-1959 and 1968-1993. According to the results of spatial correlation analysis,the reconstructed results of the minimum temperature in February and March could be used to represent the actual situation in north Tajikistan. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Soil Ecology

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Soil Nitrogen Mineralization under Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica Plantation on Sandy Soil KONG Tao, ZHANG Ying, LEI Ze-yong, WANG Dong-li, LIU Yang, YU Ji, WU Dan 2019, 36 (2):  296-306.  doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2019.02.04 Abstract ( 500 )   PDF (1781KB) ( 443 )   The availability of soil nitrogen (N) is a key limiting factor for the productivity and stability of sandy forest ecosystems. In this study, the changes of NH+4-N,NO-3-N and mineral N contents and the ammoniation, nitrification and nitrogen mineralization rates of soil under the Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica plantations with 10-60-year stand ages were determined. The results showed that the NH+4-N,NO-3-N and mineral N contents of soil under the P.sylvestris plantations were increased with the increase of forest stand age in a range of 10-60 years, in which the increase under the plantations with 10-30-year stand ages was low, and it was significantly improved under the plantations with 40-60-year stand ages. Soil NH+4-N,NO-3-N and mineral N contents were decreased with the increase of soil depth, and they were distributed mainly in 0-20 cm soil layers. The soil ammoniation, nitrification and mineralization rates under the plantations were increased with the increase of forest stand age, and these indexes of the 0-40 cm soil layer was obviously higher than those of 40-100 cm soil layer. The two-factor analysis of variance revealed that the effects of forest stand age and soil layer on the mineralization indexes were significant. Soil mineralization indexes had a significant positive correlation with plant height, diameter at breast height, crown width and the contents of soil organic carbon, total nitrogen and alkali nitrogen in the plantations. The redundancy analysis showed that the main environmental factors affecting soil mineralization indexes under the plantations with different stand ages were total nitrogen, total phosphorus and soil organic carbon; the main environmental factors affecting mineralization indexes of different soil layers were alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, total phosphorus and soil organic carbon. Therefore, the P.sylvestris plantation could be used to improve the soil N in sandy land, the improvement effect of young and middle-aged plantations on soil N was small, and that of near-mature forest and mature forest was obvious. The improvement effect of plantation on topsoil was better than that of deep soil. Soil fertility was the main environmental factor affecting soil mineralization index. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Soil Water and Salt Migration in Cotton Field in Ridge-Furrow Planting and Conventional Flat Planting under Drip Irrigation SUN Chi-tao, ZHANG Jun-peng, ZHANG Qian, FENG Di, FENG Guo-yi, SUN Jing-sheng, LIN Yong-zeng 2019, 36 (2):  307-313.  doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2019.02.05 Abstract ( 3355 )   PDF (1371KB) ( 567 )   In this study, two typical cotton planting ways, i.e. the ridge-furrow planting and conventional flat planting, were selected in the coastal area with severe soil salinization so as to clarify the effect of different cotton transplanting ways on soil water and salt migration under drip irrigation. The soil moisture content, soil salinity and soil solution conductivity at different sites and depths were investigated before and after drip irrigation. Spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of soil moisture content, soil salinity and soil solution conductivity were analyzed. The result showed that the depth of soil water infiltration and salt leaching in ridge-furrow treatment was deeper than that of conventional flat planting treatment, and the soil solution concentration in 0-20 cm soil layer in ridge-furrow planting pattern was lower than that of conventional flat planting treatment. There was no significant difference in soil water and salt migration outside the plastic film mulch under the two treatments. The combined drip irrigation technology in ridge-furrow planting was more conducive to providing a suitable water and salt environment for cotton growth. This study could provide both theoretical and practical references for cotton cultivation in saline soil. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Fractal and Multifractal Analysis on Saline Soil Particle Size Distribution in Arid Oasis ZHANG An-he, DING Jian-li, WANG Jing-zhe, MUATTAR Saydi, LI Yan-ju 2019, 36 (2):  314-322.  doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2019.02.06 Abstract ( 26 )   PDF (1KB) ( 0 )   In order to explore the relationship between salinization characters and soil particle size distribution (PSD) of soil in arid oasis, total 38 soil samples were collected from the Weigan-Kuqa River delta oasis in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region in April 2016. And the characteristics of soil PSD of saline soil and non-saline soil in the study area were quantitatively based on the fractal theory. The results showed that the volumetric percentages of silt particles were dominated, followed by sand and clay particles. The volumetric percentages of silt and clay were positively correlated with soil salt content, while the volumetric percentage of sand was negatively correlated with soil salt content. The D value of the fractional dimension was ranged from 1.990 to 2.349, and the correlation coefficients between it and the volumetric percentages of clay and silt particles was 0.81 and 0.64, respectively, which passed the significance test at level of 0.01. However, the correlation between D value and the volumetric percentage of sand particles was significantly negative with the correlation coefficient of -0.67 (P<0.01). The soil PSD had the multifractal characteristics, PSD range of the saline soil (salt content ≥3 g·kg-1) was wider than that of the non-saline soil (salt content <3 g·kg-1), and which was more heterogeneous. Soil salt content was significantly negative correlation with the multifractal parameters D1 (the entropy dimension) and D1/D0 with the correlation coefficients of -0.265 (P<0.01) and -0.283 (P<0.01) respectively. The significantly positive correlation could be detected between soil salt content and Δa(the width of multifractal spectra) with a correlation coefficient of 0.206 (P<0.01). However, soil salt content had no significant correlation with D, D0 (capacity dimension) and Δf. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Estimation and Comparison of Soil Salinity under Different Intensities of Human Disturbance in Xinjiang WANG Ning, XIONG Hei-gang, MA Li-fang, YE Hong-yun, ZHANG Fang 2019, 36 (2):  323-330.  doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2019.02.07 Abstract ( 19 )   PDF (1251KB) ( 0 )   Soil spectra under different intensities of human disturbance were used as the data sources to extract the absorption characteristics and sensitive bands by the continuum removal method. Linear regressions were established for estimating soil salinity based on the continuum removal method. The results showed that: ① The continuum removal method could be used to significantly enhance the absorption characteristics of soil spectra in wavelength bands of 400-610 nm and 610-800 nm; ② The correlation between soil salt content in the manned/unmanned disturbance area and the first derivative of the continuum removal (FDCR) was better than continuum removal (CR), the sensitive bands were concentrated in the Vis area in the unattended area (400-800 nm), and the artificially disturbed area was Vis-NIR (400-2 400 nm); ③ Basically, the accuracy of the models for predicting soil salinity in the manned/unmanned disturbance area was in an order of 6 absorption characteristic models of continuum removal>sensitive band model of CR and FDCR>3 absorption characteristic models of continuum removal>single absorption feature model. The values of R2 of the best predictive model of the manned/unmanned disturbance regions were 0.86 and 0.92, respectively. The value of the optimal model of relative percent deviation for the unmanned disturbed zone reached 3.06 and higher than 3, which revealed that the model was excellent and stable in predicting soil salinity in this area. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Straw Turnover on Soil Water-Stable Aggregates and Soil Carbon Distribution WANG Mei-jia, WANG Feng, SU Si-hui, SU Ye-han, SUN Yue, WANG Ying-yan, MENG Guang-Xin, JIANG Ying, QI Hua 2019, 36 (2):  331-338.  doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2019.02.08 Abstract ( 446 )   PDF (1137KB) ( 264 )   In this study,the effects of crop residue turnover on the composition and stability of soil water-stable agglomeration and the distribution of soil organic carbon in aggregates were investigated for giving a reference to crop production and crop residue turnover in the semiarid areas in northeast China. A field experiment including rotary tillage and plough tillage with/without crop residue incorporation treatments (RT,CK1,PT and CK2) was started in 2015. The purposes of this study were to explore the effects of tillage and straw management practices on the ratio of soil aggregates with various sizes,stability of soil water-stable agglomeration,distribution of soil organic carbon (SOC) in 2017 and maize yield from 2015 to 2017. Our results indicated that the residue incorporation could be used to significantly increase the SOC content by 13.90% (RT) and 9.29% (PT),respectively,in 0-10 cm soil layer compared with those without residue incorporation (P<0.05). Compared with PT,the content of water-stable aggregates (>2 mm) and average weight diameter of aggregates (MWD) were significantly increased by 22.05% and 7.78%,respectively,while the content of water-stable aggregates (<0.053 mm) was significantly decreased by 16.81% by RT management (P<0.05). In addition,RT significantly enhanced the SOC of water-stable aggregates in topsoil,and the most improvement was found in the water-stable aggregates>2 mm (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in maize yield in 2016 and 2017. Compared with the yield in 2016,theyield reduction from RT and PT treatments (8.57%-9.72%) was lower than that from CK1 and CK2 (10.84%-12.13%)in 2017. Therefore,the rotary tillage with residue returning practice in dryland farming is recommended with benefits of promoting soil water-stable aggregate formation and increasing SOC content so that give a stable yield for maize production regardless of precipitation variation in northeast China. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Biodegradable Plastic Film Mulching on the Growth Winter Wheat on the Loess Plateau Dryland ZHAO Gang, FAN Ting-lu, DANG Yi, ZHANG Jian-jun, LI Shang-zhong, WANG Shu-ying, CHENG Wan-li, WANG Lei 2019, 36 (2):  339-347.  doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2019.02.09 Abstract ( 5 )   PDF (1877KB) ( 0 )   Three treatments, i.e. the common plastic film mulching with soil cladding cultivation (PM), whole biodegradable plastic film mulching with soil cladding cultivation (JM), and open ground treatment (CK) were carried out in 5 successive years from 2011 to 2016. The purposes of the study were to clarify the effects of biodegradable plastic film mulching on winter wheat growth in arid area, and to analyze the differences of the indexes including soil moisture content and temperature as well as the yield of winter wheat in its different growing periods. The results showed that the soil water consumption varied in an order of CK>JM>PM during the full growth period of winter wheat under different treatments, and the peak water consumption was in an order of pustulation stage>jointing stage>stage of seedling establishment. During the sowing-jointing stage of winter wheat, soil temperature in the morning, afternoon and at night was higher under JM treatment than that under PM and CK treatments. The temperature in soil layer of 15-20 cm in depth under JM treatment was 0.26 ℃ lower than that under PM treatment. From the stage of seedling establishment to jointing stage, the surface temperature under these 3 treatments was in an order of PM>JM>CK. During the jointing stage and after harvesting, the value of nitrate nitrogen accumulation within soil layer of 0-200 cm in depth was higher under JM treatment than that under PM treatment, and there was no significant difference of this index between JM treatment and CK treatment. Compared with the yield and water use efficiency under PM treatment, those under JM treatment were decreased by 3.43% and 5.55%, respectively. Under JM treatment, the 80% biodegradable plastic film was degraded after ploughing and burying for 90 days, and it was completely degraded after ploughing and burying for 135 days. Therefore, the biodegradable film can be used as a substitution of ordinary polyethylene film in cultivating winter wheat in arid area. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Water and Climate

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Effects of NAO on the Extreme Cold Events in Xinjiang in Winter CHEN Ying, LI Wei-jing, SHI Hong-zheng, MAO Wei-yi 2019, 36 (2):  348-355.  doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2019.02.10 Abstract ( 634 )   PDF (3398KB) ( 304 )   The frequency and circulation of extreme cold events in Xinjiang in winter were analyzed based on the daily air temperature data from the meteorological stations in Xinjiang,NCEP reanalysis data of the height field,wind field,temperature field and North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index during the period of 1961-2016. The variation of extreme cold events in Xinjiang in winter was affected by the Eurasia (EU) wave train transmission,in winter,however,there was no one-to-one corresponding negative correlation between the NAO phase and the extreme cold events in Xinjiang in winter. In the winter of NAO negative phase,NAO was spread by the EU wave train,and the north wind was weak in north of 70°N. Under this background,the extreme cold events in Xinjiang in winter were more (less) when the geopotential height over the Ural Mountain and its east region was high (low) and the west wind was weak (strong) in 50°-70°N. In the winter of NAO positive phase,NAO was spread by the EU wave train,and the north wind was strong in north of 70°N. Under this background,the extreme cold events in Xinjiang in winter were more (less) when the geopotential height over the Ural Mountain and its east region was high (low) and the west wind was weak (strong) in 50°-70°N. The result showed that the occurrence frequency of extreme cold events in Xinjiang was mainly affected by the interaction of NAO,the geopotential height field over the Ural Mountain and its east region and the west wind in 50°-70°N,of which,the west wind in 50°-70°N in winter and the geopotential height field over the Ural Mountain and its east region were the main affecting factors. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Applicability of Products Rretrieved from Microwave Radiometer in East Qinghai Province KANG Xiao-yan, ZHANG Bo-yue, TIAN Jian-bing, LIU Na, MA Xue-qian 2019, 36 (2):  356-364.  doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2019.02.11 Abstract ( 10 )   PDF (1827KB) ( 0 )   The vertical distribution characteristics of temperature and relative humidity (RH) in Xining region were analyzed using the data of radiosonde (at 08:00 and 20:00, BT) and the corresponding MP-3000A microwave radiometer over Xining in east Qinghai Province in 2013. The inversion effect of the microwave radiometer was discussed, and the correction of temperature in the months with high deviation was made. The results are as follows: ① The inversion of low-layer temperature and RH from the microwave radiometer was obviously superior to that of high layer. The correlation coefficient of annual mean temperature was in a decrease trend with the increase of height. The maximum value (0.988) occurred at the surface layer, and the minimum one (0.529) at 10 km height from the ground. The correlation coefficient of annual mean RH below 3 km height passed a significance test at 0.01 level; ② In spring, summer and autumn, the matching of temperature and RH between microwave radiometer and radiosonde was significantly better than that in winter. The correlation coefficients of temperature passed a significant test at 0.01 level in the three seasons. The correlation coefficients of RH in the three seasons were passed the significance test from the ground surface to 2 km height, but the correlation coefficient of RH in winter was passed below 1.5 km; ③ The correction equation was used to correct the bias in the months with large temperature deviation, and the effect was good. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Inversion Model for Atmospheric Water Vapor over the Shijiazhuang Area WU Zi-chao, HU Yin-cui, TIAN Bing, CHENG Ya-qi, ZHANG Wen-jing 2019, 36 (2):  365-372.  doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2019.02.12 Abstract ( 7 )   PDF (1338KB) ( 0 )   It is of important practical significance for effectively assessing the functions of atmospheric ecological services and strengthening the construction of ecological environment to study the inversion of atmospheric water vapor and understand its spatiotemporal change. Based on the CE-318 observed atmospheric vapor data,sounding data and surface vapor pressure data,the traditional regression model,CE-318-based atmospheric water vapor inversion model and seasonal model were constructed by traditional regression analysis and improved regression analysis. The optimal inversion model of atmospheric vapor over the study area was selected by the accuracy evaluation analysis. The main conclusions are as follows: The inversion results of the three models constructed were all relatively satisfactory,and the inversion results of the atmospheric water vapor inversion model based on CE-318 were the most accurate. Its item inspection indexes were the best values in the accuracy tests of the three models,and the atmospheric water vapor inversion models were optimal for the study area. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Sub-Cloud Secondary Evaporation Effect of Precipitation Isotopes in Shaanxi Province from 1960 to 2016 JIAO Rong, WANG Sheng-jie, ZHANG Ming-jun, LU Ai-gang, WANG Xiao-yan 2019, 36 (2):  373-386.  doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2019.02.13 Abstract ( 6 )   PDF (1KB) ( 0 )   A modified Stewart model was applied to simulate the variation of d-excess (Δd) in raindrops based on the daily meteorological data from 36 meteorological stations in Shaanxi Province during the period from 1960 to 2016. The relationships between Δd and other factors including relative humidity, remaining fraction and evaporation rate of raindrops were analyzed. The results showed that: ① Regarding the seasonal variations,all the highest Δd values in northern, central and southern Shaanxi Province occurred in September, and the lowest ones were found in different months. The Δd value in northern Shaanxi was lower than that of the provincial mean, and it was relatively higher in central and southern Shaanxi. During the study period, Δd in southern Shaanxi was in an increase trend, but it was slightly decreased in northern and central Shaanxi. According to the Mann-Kendall test, the abrupt changes of Δd for northern, central and southern Shaanxi occurred in 2011, 1972 and 1977 respectively; ② There was a spatial difference of Δd value in Shaanxi Province on both monthly and annual scales. The Δd value, relative humidity and remaining fraction showed an increasing pattern from the north to the south, and the trend of evaporation rate was opposite; ③ There was a significant correlation between Δd and other factors, such as relative humidity, remaining fraction and evaporation rate on the monthly and interannual scales. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Wind Speed Fluctuation near the Ground Surface over the Hinterland of the Taklimakan Desert under Different Weathers ZHENG Xian-nian, YANG Xing-hua, HE Qing, Eli Maimaityiming, JIN Li-li 2019, 36 (2):  387-394.  doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2019.02.14 Abstract ( 3 )   PDF (1KB) ( 0 )   This study was based on the field observation and meteorological data at Tazhong in the Taklimakan Desert. The purposes of the study were to investigate the characteristics of wind velocity fluctuation over the quicksand surface in the desert hinterland,analyze the average wind speed and wind direction fluctuation on sunny day,in sandstorm and under blowing sand weather,and lucubrate the effects of sandstorm on the wind speed and wind direction fluctuation near the ground surface. The results are as follows: ① There was a good correlation of wind speed fluctuation at different heights higher than 0.5 m from the ground surface,especially there was a significant correlation of wind speed between the adjacent heights,and the correlation coefficient was higher than 0.68. The wind speed fluctuation range was proportional to the height; ② With the increase of height from the ground surface,the intensity of wind speed fluctuation was in an increase trend in sandstorm and under blowing sand weather,but it was increased at first and then decreased on sunny day. The increase of wind speed fluctuation intensity within 2-m height was higher than that at height range of 2-10 m under different weather conditions; ③ The wind direction fluctuation under different weather conditions was low and did not basically change with the height. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Dry-Wet Edge Based on Land Surface Temperature and Leaf Area Index and Estimation of Regional Evapotranspiration WANG Jun, LI He-ping, LU Hai-yuan, ZHANG Rui-qiang, CAO Xue-song 2019, 36 (2):  395-402.  doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2019.02.15 Abstract ( 5 )   PDF (1KB) ( 0 )   The METRIC model was chosen to reveal the spatial ambiguity issue encountered during the calculation of regional evapotranspiration (ET) by remote sensing energy balance method. The study was based on the trend graph of surface temperature (Ts) and leaf area index (LAI). The dry pixel was chosen as the bare soil area where the Ts frequency histogram accounted for the top 5% of the high-temperature region, and the LAI frequency histogram accounted for 5% of the region. The wet pixel was chosen as the wetland or farmland where the Ts frequency histogram accounted for the last 5% of the low-temperature region, and the LAI frequency histogram accounted for the top 5% of the region. After that, the measured data of the eddy covariance system were used to verify the estimation accuracy of the model. The results showed that the average estimation accuracy of evapotranspiration in the calibration period and verification period was 15%, which was relatively reasonable compared with the previous research results. The selection scheme could help the Mapping Evapotranspiration with Internalized Calibration (METRIC) model to subjectively determine the dry-wet edge. The evapotranspiration values of different land use types were calculated, and they were in an order of ETwater>ETforest>ETarable land>ETunused land>ETurban and rural industrial land ≈ ETgrassland, which could be referred in researching the precision estimation of regional remote sensing evapotranspiration. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Spatiotemporal Variation of Dry-Hot Wind Events in the Hexi Region in Recent 50 Years HOU Qi, ZHANG Bo, HE Hang, MA Bin, MA Shang-qian 2019, 36 (2):  403-411.  doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2019.02.16 Abstract ( 5 )   PDF (2991KB) ( 0 )   In this study, the spatiotemporal distribution and evolution of dry-hot wind events were analyzed. The purpose of the study was to explore the trends and impacts of dry-hot wind events in the Hexi region under the background of global change based on the national meteorological industry standards for spring wheat and the daily maximum temperature and relative humidity data from 13 meteorological stations in the Hexi region at 14:00 in June and July from 1960 to 2017. The results showed that: ① Dry-hot wind events were mainly in an increase trend except in the areas with high altitude, and their increase rates were significantly different. After 2000, the intensity of dry-hot wind increased rapidly, especially the heavy dry-hot wind. There was no obvious change in the areas with high occurring frequency in different decades, but the days of occurring dry-hot wind changed significantly; ② Dry-hot wind frequency was higher in the west and north than that in the east and south, and it was also high in the areas with low elevation; ③ The extent of occurring a dry-hot wind event was enlarged, its duration was prolonged, and dry-hot wind tended to the regions with higher latitudes and higher altitudes. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Climatic Factors on Herbage Growth in the North Horqin Grassland GAO Ya-min 2019, 36 (2):  412-419.  doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2019.02.17 Abstract ( 7 )   PDF (1341KB) ( 0 )   The data of herbage growth and its affecting meteorological factors at Enkhbayar Animal Husbandry Meteorological Experiment Station in Tongliao were used to analyze the climatic factors affecting the herbage growth in the northern Horqin grassland. Results indicated that the average temperature in the study area in recent 27 years increased by 0.16 °C·(10a)-1,the average precipitation decreased by 23.96 mm·(10a)-1,the dryness index in herbage growing season increased by 0.15 (10a)-1,and the drought in the grassland became more serious. Moreover,the period of seedling establishment of Leymus chinensis,Agropyron cristatum and Potentilla chinensis was delayed,the flowering stage of which was in advanced,and the growth season of which was shortened. Precipitation was the main factor affecting the period of seedling establishment and withering stage of the three plant species,it was negatively correlated with the period of seedling establishment but positively correlated with the withering stage of the three plant species. The herbage height and yield were significantly decreased (P<0.01),and the decreases were 0.88 cm and 121.43 kg·hm-2 per year respectively. The herbage height and yield were mainly negatively correlated with temperature,but positively correlated with precipitation. Under climate warming,water has become more and more important for the herbage growth in the study area. The analysis with the integral regression model showed that the positive effects of precipitation and sunshine duration in mid-May on the herbage yield were the highest from the period of seedling establishment to the leaf expansion stage. The jointing stage and flowering stage from late-May to mid-June were the main stages for the herbage growth of demanding precipitation and sunshine,and the period from late-June to mid-July was the main stage for herbage growth of demanding heat. The effect of air temperature on herbage yield was negative in August,especially in mid-August. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Plant Physiology

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Photosynthetic Traits of Caragana microphylla and Populus spp. and Their Responses to Climate in the Horqin Sandy Land BAO Yong-zhi, LIU Ting-xi, DUAN Li-min, WANG Guan-li, QI Xiu-jiao, HUANG Tian-yu, LI Ming-yang 2019, 36 (2):  420-429.  doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2019.02.18 Abstract ( 496 )   PDF (1KB) ( 543 )   In this paper, the photosynthetic traits of Caragana microphylla and Populus spp. were measured with LI-6400 in field. The adaptability of C.microphylla and Populus spp. and their response to drought and precipitation were lucubrated after comparing and analyzing the differences in photosynthetic traits of these two plant species and the relationship between their physiological characteristics and environmental factors under drought and after precipitation. The results are as follows: ① Under drought, the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate (Tr) and the stomatal conductance (Gs) of the two mixed-growing plants were decreased significantly, showing a significant “midday depression”, and the peak value occurred earlier. The “midday depression” of C.microphylla was disappeared after precipitation; ② Pn values of C.microphylla and Populus spp. were mainly affected by physiological factor (Gs) and environmental factor photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). The photosynthetic traits of C.microphylla was mainly affected by stomatal regulation (Gs) under drought, and it was mainly affected by environmental factors (PAR) after precipitation. The photosynthetic traits of Populus spp. were relatively stable under both drought and after precipitation, and they were mainly affected by environmental factors (PAR); ③ To adapt drought environment, C.microphylla maintained a low Tr and a high water use efficiency (WUE), while Populus spp. adapted drought by high Pn and Tr and low WUE. After precipitation, the change of photosynthetic traits of C.microphylla was more significant than that of Populus spp. and the former was more sensitive to precipitation than the latter. In mixed community of C.microphylla and Populus spp., the adaptability of the two plant species to precipitation was significantly different, and C.microphylla had a higher adaptability to environment changes. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Response of Stoichiometric Characteristics of Nitrogen and Phosphorus in Plant Leaves in an Alpine Grasslands to Nitrogen Deposition in the Tianshan Mountains SU Yuan, LUO Yan, GENG Feng-zhan, HAN Wen-xuan, ZHU Yu-mei, LI Kai-hui, LIU Xue-jun 2019, 36 (2):  430-436.  doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2019.02.19 Abstract ( 557 )   PDF (1KB) ( 374 )   Atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition is rapidly increased due to the increase of human activities and climate change,which enhances the N availability and affects the nutrient cycling of plants in alpine grasslands.However,there is still much debate about how the change of nutrient availability affects P content in plants,therefore,the effects of N addition on N and P contents and N∶P stoichiometry in mature and senesced leaves at plant organ level in the Bayinbuluk alpine grasslands in the northwest Tianshanin Mountains in China were examined based on a 10-year field experiment.The nitrogen and phosphorus contents in mature and senesced leaves of Potentilla bifurca,Leymus tianschanicus and Koeleria cristata were measured,and the values of foliar stoichiometry under N addition treatments at levels of 0,3,9 g·m-2·a-1) were estimated.Results showed that there were the significant differences of the values of nutrient concentration and foliar stoichiometry between the mature and senesced leaves.The N contents in mature and senesced leaves were 12.78 mg·g-1 and 6.88 mg·g-1,and the P contents were 0.88 mg·g-1 and 0.46 mg·g-1,respectively.N and P concentrations in mature and senesced leaves were in an order of P.bifurca>L.tiansecalinus >K.cristata.After the N treatments for 10 years,the N contents in mature and senesced leaves were increased by 12% and 48% respectively.It was found that there was a divergent response of P content in leaves,the effect of N addition on foliar P content was different from different plant species,and the P content in senesced leaves was decreased by N addition.N∶P in senesced leaves was increased significantly but not in mature leaves.In addition,the correlations between N and P elements and plant stoichiometry in mature and senesced leaves were different.There was a positive correlation between foliar N and P contents of P.bifurca in mature leaves (P<0.05),but a negative correlation in senesced leaves.Our finds revealed that nitrogen addition affected significantly the nutrient content and stoichiometry in leaves of the three species,but there was a significant difference among species.The increase of N deposition would affect the nutrient cycling of plants in grasslands in the Tianshan Mountains. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Choosing of Methods for Total RNA Extraction from Malus sieversii Fruits in Xinjiang XIA Chun-lan, WEN Zhi-bin, ZHANG Yu-fang 2019, 36 (2):  437-443.  doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2019.02.20 Abstract ( 12 )   PDF (1KB) ( 0 )   Malus sieversii fruits are rich in polysaccharides,polyphenols,soluble pectin and other secondary metabolites. Therefore,it is relatively difficult to extract the total RNA from M.sieversii fruits. In order to choose an effective extraction method,five RNA extraction methods including the TaKaRa Kit,Trans Kit,improved CTAB method by Tian Wei,modified CTAB method I and CTAB method Ⅱwere compared using the fruits at five different developmental stages. Results showed that neither kits method was able to be used to extract the RNA from M.sieversii fruits. The quality of total RNA extracted with three modified CTAB methods was good,with two distinct electrophoresis bands of 28S and 18S rRNA,the OD260/OD280 values ranged from 1.8 to 2.2,and the OD260/OD230 value was higher than 2.0. But only the modified CTAB method I was an effective method to yield high quantity of total RNA. The average extraction values of fruits at five different developmental stages were ranged from 116.79 μg·g-1 to 474.76 μg·g-1. For the modified CTAB method I,the impurity in the RNA was effectively removed by extending LiCl precipitation time and placing extraction under 4 ℃ for overnight aging (not longer than 16 hours)instead of -20 ℃ for 15 min. Although this method took 2 days,the method was easy to operate,and the extraction cost was low. Therefore,the modified CTAB method I is an effective method for total RNA extraction from M.sieversii fruits (especially for the ripe fruits),which could be used in further molecular biology research. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Species Diversity and Co-Occurrence Pattern at Patch Scale in Stipa breviflora Desert Steppe YU Rui-xin, TIAN Na, WANG Xing, WANG Lei, YANG Xin-guo, JIANG Qi, ZHOU Juan 2019, 36 (2):  444-450.  doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2019.02.21 Abstract ( 571 )   PDF (1KB) ( 161 )   Clarifying the species co-occurrence pattern at patch scale is of important significance for understanding the maintenance mechanism of biodiversity in desert steppe fragmentation.According to the degree of soil habitat degradation at patch scale,this study contrasted and examined the species composition and diversity of different patches and the species co-occurrence pattern based on three typical patches in a Stipa breviflora desert steppe.The results indicated that ① Patch A was a consociation and belonged to a community of S.breviflora.Patch B was a community of S.breviflora and Astragalus melilotoides.And Patch C was a community of Sophora alopecuroides+Cynanchum komarovii+Artemisia scoparia); ② In community structure,the diversity of Patch A and Patch B was similar and higher than that of Patch C where S.breviflora grew; ③ The analyzed results based on the null model showed that the complexity and intensity of species co-occurrence patterns was in an order of Patch A>Patch B>Patch C.Four of the 16 significant species pairs in patch A had a significant competitive relation,while the species pairs in patch C were reduced to 7 groups,and there was only one significant competitive species pair(A.scoparia and S.alopecuroides)in patch C.Therefore,Non-desertified soil habitat patches were the important prerequisite for the biodiversity maintenance of desert steppe fragmentation.The non-desertified of soil habitat reduced significantly the complexity of community structure within patches and the intensity of interaction between species,which was unconducive to the self-maintenance of the community. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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3S-Based Extraction of Spatial Distribution of Picea schrenkiana var. tianschanica in History in the Tianshan Mountains XING Fei, LI Hu, LI Jian-gui, ZHANG Nai-ming, LIU Yu-feng, CHEN Dong-hua 2019, 36 (2):  451-458.  doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2019.02.22 Abstract ( 9 )   PDF (1KB) ( 0 )   The spatial distribution information of Picea schrenkiana var. tianschanica in the Tianshan Mountains in historical period was extracted based on the vegetation index, topographic factor, principal component analysis, the decision tree classification method and the habitat characteristics of P. schrenkiana in the study area using the remote sensing methods combined with the historical remote sensing image data. So as to provide support for the benefit evaluation of the natural forest resources protection project under the situation of missing historical data. Results showed that: ① the historical spatial distribution information of P. schrenkiana in the Tianshan Mountains could be extracted from the remote sensing images, the forest stand age of P. schrenkiana was set as a fixed factor, and the present remote sensing images with high spatial resolution and forest management investigation data were used as the background information. The accuracy of information extraction of P. schrenkiana in the study area could be as high as 93.3%, and the remote sensing images can be used to extract the spatial distribution information of P. schrenkiana in the Tianshan Mountains;② In the vegetation index factors, the response of P. schrenkiana in the Tianshan Mountains to NDVI was the most sensitive, and the best NDVI range for extracting the information of P. schrenkiana in the Tianshan Mountains was [0.35, 0.8]; ③ Topographic factor and principal component analysis method could greatly compress the redundant information of image, which improved the accuracy of information extraction of P. schrenkiana forest and improved the running speed. On the whole, the spatial distribution information of P. schrenkiana forest in the historical period can be well extracted by using the historical remote sensing images and combining with the habitat characteristics of P. schrenkiana forest in Tianshan Mountains, so as to provide data support for the formulation of forest resource management measures and the response to climate change in the context of data missing. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Dynamic State of Desert Vegetation Productivity and Its Relationship with Water-Heat Factors in China LIU Xue-jia, DONG Lu, ZHAO Jie, DU Zi-qiang, ZHANG Hong 2019, 36 (2):  459-466.  doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2019.02.23 Abstract ( 623 )   PDF (1KB) ( 457 )   In this paper,the Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach (CASA) model was used to estimate the NPP of desert vegetation in its growing season from 1982 to 2015,and the linear regression and GIS spatial analysis methods were applied to analyze the spatiotemporal variation of NPP. The purposes of the study were to explore the net primary productivity of desert vegetation and its correlation with water-heat factors in China’s arid regions in recent three decades. The sliding correlation coefficient was used to analyze the relationship between NPP and water-heat factors. The results showed that: ① The average NPP per unit area was 42 g·m-2·a-1,and the overall level of NPP was low. Spatially,it was higher in the northwestern and eastern margins but lower in the central,southern and mid-eastern regions; ② The average annual NPP of desert vegetation was 5.78×1013 g·a-1. For the interannual variation,the linear change rate of the total NPP of desert vegetation was 1.64×1012 g·(10a)-1 (P=0.054) in China from 1982 to 2015,desert vegetation was generally improved,but the total change trend was staged. The total amount of NPP showed an extremely significant growth trend (1.25×1012 g·a-1,P<0.01) during the period of 1982-1993,it was significantly decreased from 1993 to 2006 (-6.42×1011 g·a-1,P<0.01),and increased slowly during the period of 2006-2015 (1.70×1011 g·a-1,P>0.05). From the perspective of spatial change,47.65% NPP of desert vegetation was in an increase trend,which was mainly distributed in the Alashan Plateau,north piedmont of the Tianshan Mountains,western marginal zone of the Tarim Basin,southeastern marginal zone of the Qaidam Basin,south piedmont of the Altun Mountains and Kunlun Mountains; ③ From the perspective of the change of correlation between desert vegetation NPP and climatic factors with the time,the sliding correlation coefficient between NPP and temperature was negatively correlated with the time,but positively correlated between NPP and precipitation and dryness. There was no significant variation of sliding correlation coefficient between NPP and total solar radiation with the time. In general,the correlation between desert vegetation and water-heat factors was further weakened during the study period,that is,the desert vegetation NPP was increasingly insensitive to the change of climatic factors. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Fractal Features of Hippophae rhamnoides Roots under Different Site Conditions in Soft Sandstone Area YAN Li, YANG Fang-she, LI Huai-en, WANG Hao, WANG Ding-wu 2019, 36 (2):  467-473.  doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2019.02.24 Abstract ( 10 )   PDF (247KB) ( 0 )   In this paper,the fractal characteristics of the whole-roots,primary lateral roots and secondary lateral roots of three-year-old Hippophae rhamnoides planted on different slope aspects and gradients were analyzed based on the fractal theory. The relations between the growth and development of the roots and soil moisture content in a sandstone area were studied. The results are as follows: ① The variations of fractal dimensions were in orders of DES>DNS>DSS>DWS,D50°S>D40°S,fractal dimensions of secondary lateral roots (D1)>fractal dimensions ofwhole-roots (D)>fractal dimensions of primary lateral roots (D2) under different site conditions. There was a significant positive correlation between D1 and fine roots length; ② The topsoil moisture content on the southern and western slopes was lower than 4%,which was not conducive to the development of root system. The soil moisture content on the northern and eastern slopes was high,so the fractal dimensions of these two slopes were higher compared with that for the root growth of H.rhamnoides on the northern and western slopes,and the moderate lack of water on the eastern (southern) slope could stimulate the fine roots to grow down to deep soil; ③ H.rhamnoides could adapt to the environment through root fractal regulation when water is insufficient,but its growth conditions were not as good as that when water is sufficient. Therefore,the growth conditions were in orders of northern slope>eastern slope>western slope>southern slope,and 40°slope>50°slope. It is suggested that the priority should be given to the northern and eastern slopes when planting H.rhamnoides,and the slope steeper than 50° is not conducive to the growth of H.rhamnoides. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Spatiotemporal Differentiation of Ecosystem Services in the Shiyang River Basin from 2005 to 2015 WANG Bei, ZHAO Jun, ZHONG Jun-tao 2019, 36 (2):  474-485.  doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2019.02.25 Abstract ( 1026 )   PDF (3414KB) ( 445 )   The study on ecosystem services has become as a hot topic and frontier in the field of ecology. The Shiyang River Basin was taken as the research object to estimate the ecosystem services including the water conservation, soil retention, water purification, biodiversity sustaining, carbon storage and food supply based on GIS technology and methods in 2005, 2010 and 2015. Moreover, the evolution of the spatiotemporal pattern of ecosystem services, change of ecosystem services based on land use types and compartment of ecosystem functions were explored and studied. The results firstly showed that: ① these ecosystem services presented the spatially differential characteristics, the spatial pattern of water conservation, biodiversity maintenance and carbon storage presented the characteristics that the “low-value zones were located in the northeast, and the high-value zones were mostly distributed in the southwest”. In addition, the distribution of high-value zones of water purification was fragmentary. And the high-value zones of food supply were located in Wuwei, Yongchang and Minqin basins; ② Among the different land use types, grassland and cultivated land played the main role of providing ecosystem services; ③ The basin was divided into three ecological functional areas, namely Qilian ecological conservation area, watershed oasis ecological function area and desert ecological function area. The study and analysis of the spatiotemporal differentiation of ecosystem services in the Shiyang River Basin provided the support of data and methods for relevant research, and also the scientific references for determining the goal of watershed ecological protection and construction. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Assessment and Division of Forest Snow Disaster Risk in Inner Mongolia DING Yan-long, SUN Xiao-rui, GAO Yong, DANG Xiao-hong, JIAO Hong-yuan, WU Hao 2019, 36 (2):  486-493.  doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2019.02.26 Abstract ( 7 )   PDF (1842KB) ( 0 )   The meteorological and forestry data, basic geographic information and socio-economic data related to forest snow disasters were selected to comprehensively assess the regional difference of snowstorm risk in Inner Mongolia, including the disastrous factors and vulnerability, environmental sensitivity to snow disasters, and snow disaster prevention and mitigation capabilities based on the theory of natural disaster risk. The weighted comprehensive scoring method and analytic hierarchy process (AHP) were used to establish a comprehensive assessment index system of forest snow disaster risk and to construct a zoning model of forest snow disaster risk in Inner Mongolia. The results indicated that the proportions of the areas with high and sub-high risk of forest snow disasters were 77.18% and 0.05%, respectively, and the areas were mainly located in Hulun Buir City. The proportion of the areas with medium risk accounted for 6.01% of the total area of forest snow disaster risk, they were mainly distributed in Xilin Gol League, Hulun Buir City, Chifeng City and Xing’an League, and their proportions were 0.61%, 36.50%, 9.11% and 5.99%, respectively. The proportion of the areas with sub-low and low snow disaster risk was 16.76% of the whole risk area, and they were mainly distributed in Alxa League, Erdos City, Xing’an League and other places. The forest snow disaster risk in Inner Mongolia decreases gradually from the northeast to the southwest, and it is basically consistent with the spatial distribution of forest and snow cover. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Landscape Ecological Risk and Its Spatiotemporal Variation in Yulin SHI Yu-qiong, WANG Ning-lian, LI Tuan-sheng, WANG Han 2019, 36 (2):  494-504.  doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2019.02.27 Abstract ( 6 )   PDF (1902KB) ( 0 )   The ETM remote sensing images in 2000,2005,2010 and 2015 were taken as the data sources to conduct the comprehensive index of landscape ecological risk in Yulin based on the landscape pattern,ecological sensitivity and vegetation productivity. The ArcGIS 10.2 and GS+9.0 software were used as the platforms to study the spatiotemporal differentiation of landscape ecological risk in the study area. The results showed that the landscape ecological risk in Yulin was holistically high. Risk of the main part of the regional landscape ecological ecosystem was moderate in 2000,2005 and 2010,but high in 2015. From 2000 to 2010,the area with moderate risk was enlarged,but that with high risk was reduced. From 2010 to 2015,the area with moderate risk was reduced rapidly,but that with high risk was enlarged rapidly. The spatial variation of landscape ecological risk was low in Yulin,and the spatial correlation of landscape ecological risk was moderate. The effect of natural factors (such as landform and climate) on the spatial variation of landscape ecological risk was slightly higher than that of human factors in 2000,and it was almost equal to each other in 2005 and 2010. In 2015,however,the effect of natural factors on the spatial variation of landscape ecological risk was high. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Difference of Atmospheric Pollution between Urban and Rural Areas in Weinan Based on Chemical Composition in Rainwater LU Ai-gang, LIU Hui 2019, 36 (2):  505-512.  doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2019.02.28 Abstract ( 3 )   PDF (1496KB) ( 0 )   The data of main ion concentrations in rainwater were collected from the urban and rural areas in Weinan City,China during the period from June 2013 to September 2014. The Trend Analysis and Enrichment Factor methods were used to analyze the chemical characteristics of constant ions. The Source Contribution method was used to explore the potential sources. The results showed that the average value of total concentration of ions in urban area (775.59 μeq·L-1) was much higher than that in rural area (383.60 μeq·L-1) due to the influence of human activities. The main cations in both areas were Ca2+ and NH+4,accounting for 80.05% and 89.82% of the total cation concentration,respectively. The main anions in both areas were SO2-4 and NO-3,accounting for 93.54% and 92.51% of the total anion concentration,respectively. The concentration of ions in rainwater was in an order of Ca2+ > NH+4 > SO2-4>NO-3>Na+> K+>Mg2+>Cl->F->NO-2,and that in rural area was in an order of NH+4>SO2-4>Ca2+>NO-3>Mg2+>Cl->Na+>K+>F->NO-2. Affected by the emission sources,rainfall and meteorological factors,the seasonal differences of total ion concentrations were significant,and they were in an order of winter>autumn>spring>summer. According to the quantitative source analysis,the ion concentrations in rainwater were affected by anthropogenic sources in both urban and rural areas. All sources of NH+4 and F- were anthropogenic,and >95% SO2-4 and NO-3 were also contributed by anthropogenic sources. Mg2+ and K+ were mainly from non-seasalt sources,and the proportion of non-seasalt sources in urban area was slightly higher than that in rural area. Na+ in urban area was mainly contributed by non-seasalt sources,but it was mainly from the seasalt sources in rural area. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Industrial Eco-Efficiency in Arid Region Based on Super-Efficiency DEA Model:A Case Study in Xinjiang ZHOU Xu-dong, LYU Guang-hui 2019, 36 (2):  513-519.  doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2019.02.29 Abstract ( 4 )   PDF (898KB) ( 0 )   Eco-efficiency is an effective measurement of sustainable development. Studies on the industrial ecological efficiency of Xinjiang,an ecological fragile arid region in China,are of important practical significance to promote the coordinated development of industry and ecological environment and achieve the goal of ecological civilization construction. In this study,the industrial panel data of Xinjiang from 2001 to 2015 were taken as the samples,the super efficiency DEA model was used to evaluate the ecological efficiency and its changes in 14 prefectures,autonomous prefectures and cities in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,and the Tobit regression model was used to analyze the factors affecting the industrial ecological efficiency. The results showed that: ① The overall level of industrial ecological efficiency in Xinjiang was not high,but the development trend was good. The industrial ecological efficiency was increased in a fluctuation way,and its comparative growth was 109.8%. It was increased from 0.75 during the Tenth Five-year Plan period to 1.0 during the Eleventh Five-year Plan period and further to 1.08 during the Twelfth Five-year Plan period; ② The industrial eco-efficiency in Xinjiang was imbalance,the highest and lowest values were 8.97 and 0.59,respectively,and their difference was 15.2 times; ③ The industrial eco-efficiency was positively correlated with the industrial development level,scientific and technological innovation,industrial structure and environmental planning,but negatively correlated with opening to the outside world and industrial agglomeration. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of Dip Angles of Wind Guide Plate on Sediment Discharge behind the Plate ZHANG Chao, HAN Yan-long, GAO Yong, DANG Xiao-hong, LI Wan-jiao, WANG Ze-yu, ZHAI Bo, WANG Rui-dong 2019, 36 (2):  520-527.  doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2019.02.30 Abstract ( 1 )   PDF (1661KB) ( 0 )   In this study,the field experiments on the effect of wind guide plate in preventing wind-drift sand was carried out so as to reveal the characteristics of wind speed and sediment discharge behind the wind guide plate. The purposes of the study were to explore the effects of wind deflector on wind velocity and sediment discharge in the middle and upper parts of mobile dune. The results showed that the area where the wind speed was increased behind the wind guide plate was different from the different dip angles of the plate. In general,the maximum wind speed occurred behind the plate for 1.5 m,and the effect of increasing wind speed of the wind guide plate with 45° was significant behind the plate for 1.5 m,that with 25° was significant behind the plate for 3.0 m,and that with 35° was significant behind the plate for 4.5 m. The wind guide plate could be used to effectively increase the total sediment discharge behind the plate,in which the effect of increasing sediment discharge of the mid-angle wind guide plate in a range of 30°-45° was more obvious.The effect of increasing sediment discharge of the wind guide plate with 45° was significant behind the plate for 1.5 m, that with 40° was significant behind the plate for 3.0 m, that with 30° was significant behind the plate for 4.5 m. References | Related Articles | Metrics