Table of Content

15 January 2019, Volume 36 Issue 1 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Cover 2019, 36 (1):  0-0.  Abstract ( 2397 )   PDF (1205KB) ( 107 )   Related Articles | Metrics

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Contents 2019, 36 (1):  0-0.  Abstract ( 279 )   PDF (309KB) ( 164 )   Related Articles | Metrics

Pan-Third Pole Enviornment and Green Silk Road

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The High Cold Desert Zone and a Cold-Arid Core Area of the Tibetan Plateau ZHENG Du, ZHAO Dong-sheng 2019, 36 (1):  1-6.  doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2019.01.01 Abstract ( 3535 )   PDF (1204KB) ( 672 )   The high cold desert zone, located on the northwestern region, is the highest part of the Tibetan Plateau. This region with extremely cold and arid climate belongs to plateau subcold zone, which is characterized with high mountains and plateau landforms tranversed by lake basins, widespread permafrost and periglacial process, young natural process with shallow cold desert soil, and landscape of high-cold desert with interfused composition of biota. Due to the vulnerable eco-environment, construction and administration of natural conservation should be strengthened in this region. The cold-arid core, existed in the hinterland of high cold desert zone, is a unique geo-eco feature in the plateau and alpine region on the Earth. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Past,Present and Feature of the Aral Sea Ablekim Abdimijit, GE Yong-xiao, WANG Ya-jun, HU Ru-ji 2019, 36 (1):  7-18.  doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2019.01.02 Abstract ( 1076 )   PDF (4937KB) ( 655 )   The Aral Sea was once the 4th largest lake in the world and shrank to about 10% nowadays,because of far from the world’s major oceans and the fragile hydrological system.Several questions are urgent to be answered,namely,how the Aral Sea formatted,what it has undergone,and what’s the evolution mechanism,which have always been a concern of related scientists all around the world.The Aral Sea basin (the Amu Darya and the Syr Darya),a main component of the complete Asian water tower system centered on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,which came into being after uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,the retreat of the Neo-Tethys Sea,and under the impact of regional and global factors such as the global climate cooling and sea level decline.The Aral Sea system has maintained a relatively stable level in water surface area and hydrology pattern from the formation to the middle of the last century.It has only experienced extensive exploitation and utilization of water resources,resulting in the shrinking surface water area,the increasing exposed dry lake bed and frequent salt dust storms in the context of climate change from the second half of the 20th century,which have caused the crisis in the Aral Sea basin. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Spatial Distribution of Precipitation Stable Isotopes in the Alpine Zones in Central Asia SUN Cong-jian, ZHANG Zi-yu, CHEN Wei, LI Wei, CHEN Ruo-xia 2019, 36 (1):  19-28.  doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2019.01.03 Abstract ( 623 )   PDF (2333KB) ( 251 )   As an input factor of water cycle,precipitation is a primary source of surface water and groundwater,especially in arid Central Asia.As a useful tracer,the precipitation isotopic composition has become as an important tool for researching the regional water cycle.In order to reveal the spatial and temporal distribution of precipitation stable isotope in arid area in Central Asia,this paper analyzed the precipitation isotopic composition samples collected from 18 stations in the Tianshan Mountains (Wuqia,Akqi,Shali Guilanke,Shenmuyuan,Bayanbulak,Balguntay,Huangshuigou,Urumqi River Hero Bridge,Barkol and Yiwu),Kunlun Mountains (Sharman,Xihexiu and Jiangka) and Qilian Mountains (Yeniugou,Dayekou,Daiqian,Jinqiangyi and Anyuan) in Central Asia.According to the results,a clearly seasonal variation of the values of precipitation isotopic composition could be observed,and the values were high in summer but low in winter in these three regions.The seasonal fluctuation of the values in the three study regions was significant.The slopes of the atmospheric precipitation equation of the Tianshan Mountains and Qilian Mountains were lower than that of the global one except that of the Kunlun Mountains,which revealed that the regional precipitation in these regions was affected by the strong evaporation.Precipitation at all the stations was mainly affected by temperature.The values of precipitation δ18O at the three stations in the Kunlun Mountains in spring and summer was obviously affected by altitude,and they were decreased with the increase of altitude but affected slightly in other regions.The d values of the alpine zones in Central Asia were holistically high in winter but low in summer expect at Xihexiu Station in the Kunlun Mountains. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Contribution of Moisture Recycling to Precipitation in the Arid Region in Northwest China Based on LMDZ Model YU Xiu-xiu, ZHANG Ming-jun, WANG Sheng-jie, QIU Xue, DU Ming-xia, ZHOU Su-e, MENG Hong-fei 2019, 36 (1):  29-43.  doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2019.01.04 Abstract ( 635 )   PDF (4793KB) ( 352 )   As an important link in the process of land water cycle,the contribution of local moisture recycling to precipitation in the arid region in northwest China cannot be ignored although its absolute amount is relatively limited. Based on the isotopic data simulated by LMDZ simulations,the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics and mechanism of the contribution proportion of recycled moisture during the period from 1979 to 2007 in the arid region in northwest China were analyzed by the isotopic mixing model.Results showed that the monthly and interannual contribution rate of advection moisture to precipitation was obviously higher than that of recycled moisture during the study period,it was high in summer but low in winter,and increased gradually at annual scale.Oppositely,the monthly and interannual contribution rate of recycled moisture to precipitation was relatively low,it was low in summer but high in winter,and decreased year by year (the interannual contribution proportion of plant transpiration moisture increased in winter half year).Spatially,the contribution proportion of advection moisture was different,and it was high in mountainous areas but low in desert plains.The contribution proportion of evaporation vapor was lower than that of plant transpiration vapor in most areas,but it was opposite in some regions.The spatial distribution of the contribution amount of advection vapor and surface evaporation vapor was consistent with its contribution rate,while the contribution amount of plant transpiration vapor was higher in mountainous areas than that in desert plains. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Water Consumption and Industrial Structure in Different Regions along the “Belt and Road” HAO Lin-gang, ZUO Qi-ting, HAN Chun-hui, LI Jia-lu 2019, 36 (1):  44-51.  doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2019.01.05 Abstract ( 1062 )   PDF (1651KB) ( 370 )   The research about water consumption and industrial structure along the “Belt and Road” is of great significance for the regional development.In this paper,the geographical concentration ratios of water consumption and GDP of different industries in the regions along the “Belt and Road” were analyzed using the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index based on studying the regionalization of main water resources areas and the water consumption along the “Belt and Road”,and the values of water consumption structure index and the industrial structure index were calculated.The Lorenz curve and the Gini coefficient were used to study the matching degree of water consumption and GDP in the regions along the “Belt and Road” and to calculate the matching degree based on the data sequence of water consumption and GDP in different regions.The results are as follows: ① The geographical concentration ratios of water consumption and GDP in the primary industry in the regions along the “Belt and Road” were the highest among the three major industries,which was caused by the high water consumption and GDP in the developing regions,such as East Asia,West Asia,South Asia and Southeast Asia;② The proportions of water consumption and GDP in different regions were in an order of primary industry > tertiary industry > secondary industry; ③ Along the “Belt and Road”,the matching degree of water consumption and GDP of tertiary industry was the lowest,especially in South Asia.The research results are of significance to systematically understand the basic situation of water consumption and industrial structure in the regions along the “Belt and Road” and to provide a guidance for further analyzing the relationship between water resources and economic and social development. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Adaptability of Biology and Agricultural Technologies to the Water-Heat Coordination in the Arid Oases in Central Asia PAN Xu-dong, WANG Jiang-li, WU Ling, ZHANG Jian-ping, LAI Xian-qi 2019, 36 (1):  52-57.  doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2019.01.06 Abstract ( 747 )   PDF (949KB) ( 294 )   The piedmont plain oases,the study areas in arid regions of Central Asia,i.e. the northern sope of the Tianshan Mountains in Central Asia,northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang,and northern slope of the Qilian Mountain in Gansu,are the important areas with the most prosperous society,economy and culture along both the ancient Silk Road and the modern Silk Road Economic Belt. Most of the previous researches focused on precipitation and temperature,but otherness studies on the coodination relationship between monthly precipitation and monthly mean temperature at each section (hereinafter referred to as water-heat match) were not enough. The emergence of a certain species in a region is inseparable from the characteristics of water-heat coodination besides the local unique precipitation and temperature. The mode of the ecological environment in the study area,water-heat match out of sync in the north Tianshan Mountains in Central Asian-better water-heat synchronization in the north Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang-water-hot strong synchronous coordination in Hexi Corridor in the north Qilian Mountains in Gansu,profoundly affected the wild animals and natural plant species as well as their growth and development there,and made some creatures in different sections of the region form the distribution regularity of Central Area,Diffusion Zone and Without Generating Area. The differences of agricultural technologies in soma oases also reflect their adaptability to the local water-heat matching characteristics. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Land and Water Resources

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Response of Runoff Volume to Climate Change in the Yarkant River Basin during the Period of 1957-2015 ZHANG Xue-qi, Mansur Shabit, LIU Hai-tao, MA Guo-fei 2019, 36 (1):  58-66.  doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2019.01.07 Abstract ( 29 )   PDF (1116KB) ( 0 )   The characteristics of the dry and wet climate changes in different regions were analyzed using the linear trend,correlation analysis,cumulative anomaly and the Mann-kendall (M-K) mutation test based on the long-term observation data from the meteorological and hydrological stations in the Yarkant River Basin.Moreover,the different climate scenario combinations were assumed to analyze the response degree of runoff volume to climate change.The results showed that:① Both the temperature and precipitation in the 4 units were in an increase trend; in addition to the upper reaches,the relative humidity,average wind speed and wind days in the drainage basin were in a decrease trend,but the runoff volume was in an increase trend;② The mutations of temperature and relative humidity occurred in 1996 and 2005 respectively,but there was no obvious mutation of precipitation; the mutation of mean wind speed in the drainage basin occurred in 1983 except in the lower reaches,and the runoff volume was sharply increased by 9.08×108 m3 in 1993;③ The correlation analysis showed that the runoff volume was positively correlated with the mean air temperature and the minimum (maximum) air temperature in wet season,and negatively correlated with the average wind speed,gale days and the relative humidity in wet season.In addition to the runoff volume was positively correlated with the dry season precipitation in the upper reaches,it was negatively correlated with precipitation in other areas; ④ Sensitivity analysis showed that,when precipitation was constant and the temperature increased by 1 ℃,the runoff volume was increased by 9.06%; when the temperature did not change and the precipitation increased by 10%,the runoff volume was decreased by 1.67%,which was mainly related to the runoff composition.The 77.4% runoff was recharged by ice-snow melt water.With the increase of precipitation,the temperature was decreased,and the melting of glacier and snow was reduced.At this time,the increase of precipitation could not make up for the recharge decrease of ice-snow melt water,so the runoff volume was positively correlated with temperature but negatively correlated with precipitation,and it was more sensitive to temperature change. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Response of Runoff Volume Change to Climate Change and Human Activities in the Xilin River Basin ZHANG Yan-xia, YU Rui-hong, XUE Hao, DUO Lan, HU Hai-zhu, LV Xi-xi 2019, 36 (1):  67-76.  doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2019.01.08 Abstract ( 3 )   PDF (1725KB) ( 0 )   Study on the quantitative response of runoff volume to climate change and human activities can not only provide a theoretical basis for the redistribution of water resources in a drainage basin,but also a policy reference for the management of water resources.This study was based on the hydrological and meteorological data series in the Xilin River Basin,a typical grassland basin,during the period from 1968 to 2015,and the Mann-Kendall trend test was used to analyze the change trend of runoff volume.The Mann-Kendall mutation test and the double-accumulation curve method were also used.The contribution rates of climate change and human activities to the change of runoff volume were quantified using the double-accumulation curve method,cumulant slope rate comparison method and elasticity analysis method.The results showed that the annual runoff volume in the Xilin River Basin was in a significant decrease trend during the period from 1968 to 2015,and its mutations occurred in 1984 and 2000 respectively.On which the period of 1968-1984 was regarded as the reference period,and the periods of 1985-2000 and 2001-2015 were the mutation periods.The results from the double-accumulation curve method revealed that the contribution rate of human activities to runoff volume varied in a range of 86%-88%,which was quite different from the results obtained by other methods.The effects of both rainfall and evaporation on runoff volume were simultanously considered in the cumulant change rate comparison,so the results estimated by which and by the elasticity coefficient method were similar,and the contribution rates varied in ranges of 52.44%-69.02% (1985-2000) and 42.39%-43.64% (2001-2015) respectively.Holistically,the foundations and structures of different quantitative methods were different,the multiple methods were integrated in the elastic coefficient method,and this method was more reliable in quantifying the response of runoff volume in the Xilin River Basin. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Seasonal Variation of Soil Moisture Content in Apple Orchard and Grass Intercropping System in Longdong CAO Quan, WANG Zi-kui, SHEN Yu-ying 2019, 36 (1):  77-84.  doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2019.01.09 Abstract ( 7 )   PDF (2685KB) ( 0 )   Precipitation in the semiarid area of the Loess Plateau has a large inter-annual variety,and is also unevenly distributed every year.Improvement of forage grass covering pattern could not only reduce the water consumption in drought season,but also promote the ecological conservation benefits.The present work was conducted to investigate the effects of different grass species on soil water distribution in apple orchard.The field experiment was carried out at Qingyang Grassland Agriculture Experiment Station of Lanzhou University under four treatments of different grass species,i.e.Dactylis glomerata,Trifolium repens and mixed planting of these two species.Results showed that to plant orchard grass and the mixture could reduce soil moisture content in different layers in orchard under slight drought in spring,but the effect of planting T.repens on soil moisture content was not significant.During the period with moderate or severe drought in summer,the soil moisture content under forage grass mulching treatment was significantly lower compared with that in the clear tilled orchard.The values of evapotranspiration of the planted D.glomerata,mixed planting and T.repens orchard were 45.3,55.4 and 0.7 mm higher respectively than that of the clean tilled plots in growing season,but the effect of planted T.repens on evapotranspiration in growing season was not significant.Therefore,it is practical to plant the species with low water consumption (such as T.repens) for improving the orchard environment instead of the species with high water consumption (such as D.glomerata) on the semiarid Loess Plateau. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Groundwater and Soil Chemical Properties on Distribution of Natural Vegetation around Playa CHENG Guo-shuai, LIU Dong-wei, WEN Lu, LIU Hua-min, DONG Shao-gang, WANG Li-xin 2019, 36 (1):  85-84.  doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2019.01.10 Abstract ( 6 )   PDF (1937KB) ( 0 )   Lakes in northwest China are dramatically shrunk and even dried up.Large areas of exposed lake beds become as the sources of chemical dust.Promoting vegetation coverage is an effective way in suppressing dust emissions and regenerating ecosystem.In this study, the Balhages playa,typical in the northern marginal zone of Inner Mongolia,was selected to examine the effects of groundwater and soil chemical properties on the spatial distribution of natural vegetation based on the field survey,transect investigation,field sampling and laboratory analysis as well as statistical analysis.The results showed that,under the influence of groundwater and soil chemical properties,the communities of Phragmites australis,Kalidium foliatum,Achnatherum splendens,Reaumuria songarica and Stipa klemenzii were distributed in a ring shape from the dried lake-bed to the lakeside.The spatial distribution of natural vegetation around the playa was mainly affected by groundwater level,total dissolved solids (TDS) and soil available phosphorus content.The groundwater depth increased gradually but the groundwater TDS decreased from the lake bed to the lakeside.The biomass and coverage of the vegetation was maximal when the groundwater depth was about 4 m and the TDS was lower than 10 g·L-1.The effect of soil available phosphorus content on the spatial distribution of natural vegetation was the highest,and then that of soil SO2-4.When soil salt content is feasible for the survival of native natural vegetation,groundwater and soil available phosphorus content should be preferentially considered for artificial vegetation regeneration over playa. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Drought Assessment Based on Drought Index and Principal Component Analysis:A Cased Study in the Xilin River Basin WANG Hui-min, HAO Xiang-yun, ZHU Zhong-yuan 2019, 36 (1):  95-103.  doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2019.01.11 Abstract ( 8 )   PDF (1746KB) ( 1 )   The monthly meteorological data of the Xilin River Basin were used to analyze the annual variation of precipitation and temperature in the study area.The standardized precipitation index (SPI) and integrated meteorological drought index (CI) were calculated and used to characterize the drought conditions in the study area.The principal component analysis was applied to evaluate the drought conditions in the Xilin River Basin.The results showed that the maximum temperature increased slightly in 36 years,and the minimum one did not change substantially.The change trend of the maximum precipitation was reduced,and the monthly minimum precipitation trended basically to zero.The CI index showed that only some light drought events occurred in 36 years,and they were the highest in spring,then in fall,and they were the lowest in summer.The SPI index showed that the drought levels and flood events were different in 36 years,and the higher the disaster degree was,the lower the occurrence probability would be.In winter,the disaster level of drought and flood events was relatively high.The results of principal component analysis showed that the first principal component of meteorological factors in the study area reflected mainly the impact of water stress on drought conditions,the second principal component reflected mainly the effect of sunshine on drought conditions,and the third principal component reflected mainly the effect of temperature on drought conditions.The results of comprehensive scores indicated that the drought in various places was in an order of Zarut>Bahrain Left Banner>Wengniute Banner>Duolun County>Huade>West Wuzhumuqin>Xilinhot>Linxi County>East Wuzhumuqin>Zhurihe>Abaga Banner>Erlianhaote>Sunit Left Banner. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Distribution and Trend of Snow Cover in Inner Mongolia from 2001 to 2016 Based on MODIS Data SUN Xiao-rui, GAO Yong, DING Yan-long, MENG Zhong-ju, JIA Xu, DU Peng, LIANG Yu-mei 2019, 36 (1):  104-112.  doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2019.01.12 Abstract ( 7 )   PDF (1753KB) ( 0 )   Meltwater is one of the most important water sources in arid area. Monitoring of the change of snow cover distribution is crucial for the utilization of regional ice and snow resources and the prevention of ice and snow disasters. In this paper,the collection of snow cover in the different altitude zones in the research area was carried out based on the MOD10A2 snow cover data in Inner Mongolia during the period from 2001 to 2016. The annual and inter-annual changes of snow cover distribution in different altitude zones and the factors affecting such changes in combination with meteorological factors (such as temperature and precipitation) were analyzed. The results revealed that the curves of annual distribution of snow cover area and snow coverage rate were unimodal. The snow cover duration in 10 altitude zones started from September to next May,and the peak value of snow cover depth occurred in winter. The critical elevation of the increase and decrease of snow coverage rate was between 952-1 114 m a. s. l. The inter-annual change of snow cover in different altitude zones was in a pattern of “increase-decrease-increase-decrease” in spring,summer and autumn,but in a pattern of “decrease-increase-decrease” in winter. The snow cover area was affected by the interaction of precipitation and air temperature,and it might be affected indirectly by altitude. In Inner Mongolia,there was a significantly positive correlation between the snow coverage rate in spring and winter and the winter precipitation,but a basically negative one between it and temperature. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Plant and Plant Physiology

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Effects of Different Water Treatments on Non-Structural Carbohydrates in Different Organs of Ulmus pumila Seedlings in the Horqin Sandy Land WANG Kai, ZHAO Cheng-jiao, LIN Ting-ting, YU Guo-qing, SUN Ju 2019, 36 (1):  113-121.  doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2019.01.13 Abstract ( 6 )   PDF (1546KB) ( 0 )   Two-year-old Ulmus pumila seedlings were grown under suitable water,mild,moderate and severe drought treatments.The soluble sugar,starch and non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) contents in different organs of the seedlings were measured after the drought treatment for 15,30,45 and 60 days.The results showed that,on the 15th day of treatment,the soluble sugar contents in leaves and fine roots decreased with the increase of drought level,and the starch content in leaves under moderate and severe drought treatments reduced to the minimum value (18.35±0.06)mg·g-1.The soluble sugar contents in stems and coarse roots under severe drought treatment were significantly lower than those under other treatments.On the 30th day of treatment,the starch and NSC contents in leaves increased with the increase of drought degree,and the starch content in leaves under severe drought treatment increased to the maximum value (47.83±0.27)mg·g-1.The starch and NSC contents in stems and coarse roots under mild drought treatment were lower than those under suitable water treatment.On the 45th day of treatment,the ratio of soluble sugar and starch in fine roots decreased with the increase of drought level.The soluble sugar content,ratio of soluble sugar and starch in leaves and the starch in stems under severe drought treatment were significantly higher than those under other treatments.On the 60th day of treatment,the ratio of soluble sugar and starch in leaves and fine roots gradually increased with the increase of drought degree.The soluble sugar,starch and NSC contents in coarse roots under severe drought treatment were significantly higher than those under other treatments,and the content of NSC increased to the maximum value (68.88±1.01)mg·g-1.The above results indicated that soluble sugar,starch and NSC in all organs of U.pumila seedlings differently responded with the increase of treatment time.The NSC in each organ decreased and accumulated in coarse roots.This provides an evidence for water management of U.pumila protection forest in Horqin sandy land. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Spatial Distribution Pattern of Lycium ruthenicum in Different Site Types in Periphery of the Minqin Oasis MA Jun-mei, GUO Chun-xiu, HE Fang-lan, JIN Hong-xi, ZHAO Peng, MAN Duo-qing, ZHANG Jin-chun 2019, 36 (1):  122-130.  doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2019.01.14 Abstract ( 7 )   PDF (2026KB) ( 2 )   The purposes of this study were to investigate the community characteristics and biological characteristics of Lycium ruthenicum in different site types in periphery of the Minqin Oasis.The biological characteristics of L.ruthenicum community included the plant number,height,canopy and distribution pattern in four different site types,and the Ripley’s K function in the spatial point pattern analysis method was used to analyze the spatial distribution pattern of L.ruthenicum.The results are as follows:① Number of plant species in the four site types was in an order of gravel land > saline and alkaline land > fixed or semi-fixed desert and sandy land.Structure of the plant community was relatively simple;② Number of L.ruthenicum plants was the most in the saline and alkaline land,then in the sandy land,and that in the gravel land and fixed or semi-fixed desert were the least.The average plant height was in an order of the fixed or semi-fixed desert > saline and alkaline land > sandy and gravel land,and the distribution of average canopy was similar to that of average plant height;③ In the four plots,L.ruthenicum plants were distributed in a clustering way in the fixed or semi-fixed desert and gravel land;in the sandy desert,however,they were distributed in a clustering way on a small scale (0.2-0.5 m) but in a random way on a larger scale (1.5-2.5 m);in saline and alkaline land,they were distributed in a completely random way. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Occurrence and Distribution of Throughfall under Caragana intermedia Canopy in Desert Steppe YANG Xin-guo, GU Jun-long, WANG Xing, CHEN Lin, WANG Lei, SONG Nai-ping, QU Wen-jie 2019, 36 (1):  131-138.  doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2019.01.15 Abstract ( 599 )   PDF (1435KB) ( 433 )   The rainfall redistribution through canopy is of important eco-hydrological significance for the survival of shrubs. The Caragana intermedia plantation in large area in desert steppe is mostly zonal,and the growth mode and morphological characteristics of natural sporadic C. intermedia plants are quite different. Whether this difference affecting the distribution of precipitation through canopy is necessary to be further verified. The eco-hydrological mechanism of vegetation stability of adult C. intermedia plantation in desert steppe should be further understood. The occurrence and distribution of throughfall under C. intermedia canopy in two different growth patterns (scattered and row distribution) were compared and analyzed by monitoring precipitation redistribution in 18 different rainfall events in 2016. The results showed that the throughfall percentage of scattered C. intermedia plants was 25.6%-96.5%,that of row ones was 25.4%-96.1%,and the coefficients of variation was 23% and 19% respectively. The mean values of throughfall were similar and for 7.55 mm and 7.40 mm respectively. Rainfall,rainfall duration,and rainfall intensity had a very significant linear relationship with thoughfall depth,but the relationship between throughfall percentage and characteristic parameters of precipitation was complex,which was dominated by power function,and the fitting significance of scattered C. intermedia plants was better than that of row ones. The distribution of throughfall under canopy was spatial heterogeneity. Generally,throughfall percentage was increased linearly with the increase of distance from shrub base. The “dry area” of throughfall was concentrated at the base of scattered C. intermedia plants,however,the distribution of row ones was more complex. Mosaic distribution of dry areas and rain pole was found for row C. intermedia plants. The different growth patterns of C. intermedia plants did not significantly affect the throughfall depth,but the spatial distribution pattern of throughfall under canopy was significantly changed,which might further affect the process of the conversion from precipitation to soil water. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Response of Herbaceous Plant Quantity to Different Water Input and Meteorological Factors in a Cold Desert FAN Lian-lian, LI Yao-ming, Nataliia Terekhina, MA Xue-xi, MA Jie 2019, 36 (1):  139-146.  doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2019.01.16 Abstract ( 501 )   PDF (1353KB) ( 198 )   Rainfall and atmospheric dryness play an important role in plant growth,especially in arid area.The herbaceous layer is an important component of the plant community in the Gurbantunggut Desert,China,and it generally depends on snow-melt water in early spring for germination and development,resultant with a short life span.However,few studies focused on the relationship between the growth of desert annual herbaceous plants and rainfall and atmospheric dryness.Therefore,our objectives were to determine how snow cover,precipitation and atmospheric dryness affected the ecological traits of the herbaceous plants in this typical arid zone.From 2009 to 2016,we applied four treatments of snow cover thickness (0,50%,100%,and 200% as well as 100% natural snow cover thickness) to investigate the species richness and density in 1 m × 1 m quadrats.The meteorological data and field data were used to analyze the relationship between the growth of desert annual herbaceous plants and rainfall and atmospheric dryness.It was found that thick snow cover could result in a high topsoil moisture content and then high seedling density.Although the snow cover regulated the seedling density,there was no significant difference between species richness and snow cover thickness within a year.During the period of 2009-2016,however,the species richness fluctuated inter-annually.It was inferred through the analysis of meteorological data that the species richness was mainly regulated by the rainfall during the seedling construction period.Moreover,the species richness in wet year would return to the normal level after a drought year.Vapor pressure deficit (VPD) of the atmosphere reflected the degree of atmospheric dryness,and there was a significant negative correlation between the number of survival herbaceous plants and VPD under the 100% snow cover treatment from 2009 to 2016,with the R2 value at 0.611(P<0.05).There was an opposite trend between the number of survival herbaceous plants and rainfall in growing season with R2 at 0.162(P>0.05).Obviously,atmospheric dryness was more likely to determine the survival of herbaceous plants. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Soil Salt Reduction Effect of Four Herbaceous and Shrubby Species in the Xining Basin,Qinghai Province LI Shu-xia, LIU Ya-bin, ZHONG Peng, YU Dong-mei, HU Xia-song, YANG You-qing 2019, 36 (1):  147-158.  doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2019.01.17 Abstract ( 7 )   PDF (3303KB) ( 0 )   In this study,two shrubby species Caragana korshinskii Kom. and Zygophyllum xanthoxylon (Bunge) Maxim.and two herbaceous species Agropyron trachycaulum and Medicago sativa L.adaptive to the natural conditions in the Xining Basin were screened out to experimentally plant in the Changling Gully in the basin.In the research area,the four species were planted by means of single planting and assembled planting.The contents and variations of eight soluble salts including K+,Ca2+,Na+,Mg2+,SO2-4,Cl-,HCO-3 and CO2-3 in different soil layers and plant stems and roots under the two different planting conditions were discussed.The capabilities of two herbaceous and two shrubby species in reducing total salt content in slope soil were evaluated.The test results revealed that,under single planting of these four species,their effect in reducing the contents of SO2-4,Ca2+ and Na+ was significant,and that of herbaceous and shrubby assemblage Ⅰ (C.korshinskii + M.sativa + A.trachycaulum) and assemblage II (Z.xanthoxylon + M.sativa + A.trachycaulum) in reducing the contents of SO2-4,Ca2+,Mg2+,K+ and Na+ in slope soil was significant.The salt reduction effect of M.sativa was relatively more significant,and then that of C.korshinskii and A.trachycaulu,but that of Z.xanthoxylon was not significant.The salt reduction effect of the herbaceous and shrubby assemblage II was significantly higher than that of the herbaceous and shrubby assemblage I. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Spatiotemporal Response of Leaf-Yellow Period of Populus euphratica to Climate Change and Its Regional Difference CHEN Juan, LIU Pu-xing 2019, 36 (1):  159-168.  doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2019.01.18 Abstract ( 15 )   PDF (2847KB) ( 4 )   In this paper,the average daily temperature data from 41 meteorological stations in Chinese oases where the Populus euphratica trees grow during the period from 1960 to 2016 were used to analyze the spatiotemporal response of the leaf-yellow period of P.euphratica to climate change and its regional difference.In the study the methods of multi-year trend line,inverse distance weighted interpolation (IDW),Morlet wavelet power spectrum,Mann-Kendall mutation test and correlation analysis were applied.The results revealed that the beginning and ending dates of the leaf yellow of P.euphratica were postponed over the last 57 years,and the leaf-yellow period was gradually prolonged.The change trend rates were 0.72,1.39(α≥0.05) and 0.66 days/decade respectively,which revealed that the beginning and ending dates of the leaf yellow of P.euphratica became earlier along a southwest-northeast transect of Chinese oases.Especially the postponement trend was the most obvious in the Qaidam Oasis but not in the oases in south Xinjiang.In addition to north Xinjiang,the leaf-yellow period became shorter along a south-north transect of Chinese oases,and the spatial disparity was extremely significant.There were the 2.2-,3.0- and 5.2-5.6-year short cycles of the beginning and ending dates of leaf yellow of P.euphratica,and they were consistent with the 2-4-year general atmospheric circulation and the 2-7-year El Nio events.Mutations of the starting and ending dates and periods of leaf yellow of P.euphratica occurred in 2003,1990 and 1961 respectively,but they were different from different oases.There were the significant correlations among the starting and ending dates and period of leaf yellow of P.euphratica and the mean monthly temperatures in the periods from June to August,from July to September and from September to November,and their correlation coefficients were 0.703,0.697,and 0.715 (α≥0.001),respectively.The results showed that the response of the leaf-yellow period of P.euphratica to global warming was sensitive and regionally different. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Adaptability of Floral Syndrome and Pollination Pattern of Descurainia sophia MAI Jin-mei, NIU Dou, TANG Xiao-gang, LIU Hang, ZHANG Ai-qin 2019, 36 (1):  169-175.  doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2019.01.19 Abstract ( 6 )   PDF (1232KB) ( 0 )   Floral syndrome and morphological variability show the adaptability to a variety of pollination modes in angiosperms.Descurainia sophia,an early spring ephemeral plant species,possesses the floral design matching with self-pollination due to the small and inconspicuous petals,but the anther-shape-like petals and persistent calyxes seem to have a certain relationship with attracting pollinators.In order to explore the relationship between floral syndromes and pollination patterns,in this study the flowering habits,floral characteristics,advertising effect of petals,mating system and so on of D.sophia,a natural population in Xinjiang,were lucubrated based on the field observation and artificial control test.The results showed that D.sophia is a facultative selfer,self-compatible with a maintained capability to outcross.On a sunny day,the flowers bloom around 10:00 o’clock and closure around 17:00,and the florescence is for 1-2 days.After blooming,pistils grow continuously and experience three stages: they are lower than stamens,as high as stamens and higher than stamens.There are pollinators of D.sophia,but their visiting frequency is extremely low,and the visiting frequency was 0.062±0.027 flower·h-1 in 2015 and 0.01±0.005 flower·h-1 in 2016.There was no significant difference between the control experiment by removing petals and persistent calyxes and the contrast.Both of the anther-shape-like petals and persistent calyxes have no advertising in attracting pollinators.The pollen loads on stigmas mainly derived from self-pollen in D.sophia.The self-pollen transfer occurs at the two stages when pistils are the same as height of longer stamens and shorter stamens respectively.The tiny flower size,low P/O value and anther-shape-like petals may be the result of decrease of resources allocation invested in floral show and rewards,and also show the reproductive strategies of being compatible with self-pollination pattern. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Climate and Climatic Resources

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Synthesized Climate Change in the North Altay Mountains in the Past 2 000 Years ZHANG Dong-liang, LI Yin-bo, YANG Yun-peng, LAN Bo 2019, 36 (1):  176-185.  doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2019.01.20 Abstract ( 581 )   PDF (2167KB) ( 226 )   This study firstly reviewed the achievements about climate change in the north Altay Mountains over the past 2 000 years,and then summarized the geographical consistency of climate information contained in these documents.Mutil-proxies (lake cores,tree rings and ice cores) recorded the five important climatic events in the Northern Hemisphere,including the Roman Optimum (0-400 AD),Dark Age Cold Period (400-600 AD),Medieval Warm Period (800-1200 AD),Little Ice Age (1400-1860 AD),and recent warming period (since 1860 AD).These climatic events were mainly modulated by solar activity-dominated solar radiation variations in the past 2 000 years and recent warming period since 1860 AD,which were largely attributable to an increase of CO2 concentration in the past 150 years.The precipitation history in the north Altay Mountains over the past 2 000 years indicated that these periods including 0-450, 600-800, 1050-1300, 1650-1860 AD were characterized by high precipitation,and those including 450-600,800-1050,1300-1650,1860-2000 AD were featured by low precipitation.In addition,the combination of temperature and precipitation in the north Altay Mountains over the past 2 000 years did not supported the “cold-wet and warm-dry” hydrothermal configuration in the arid zone in Central Asia. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Microclimate in an Alpine Wetland in the Qinghai Lake Basin GAO Li-ming, ZHANG Le-le, CHEN Ke-long 2019, 36 (1):  186-192.  doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2019.01.21 Abstract ( 12 )   PDF (1168KB) ( 0 )   In this paper,the characteristics of microclimate in an alpine wetland were analyzed based on the meteorological data observed by Wanyanshan and Xiaobohu weather stations in the alpine wetland ecosystem in the Qinghai Lake Basin.The results showed that the solar radiation in the Qinghai Lake Basin was high.The maximum value of reflected radiation occurred in April,and the values of global radiation,atmospheric long wave radiation,surface long wave radiation,net radiation and soil heat flux were all high in summer but low in winter.The annual surface albedo in the Wayanshan wetland was 0.26,and the average surface albedo in summer was 0.2 and lower than that in the Longbao wetland and at Xidatan and Wudaoliang.The maximum values of specific humidity at Wayanshan and Xiaobohu weather stations occurred in summer,and the minimum ones in winter.Precipitation occurred mainly in the period from May to September,accounting for more than 90% of the annual precipitation.The maximum values of air temperature and 5 cm deep ground temperature at the two stations occurred in August,and the lowest ones in January.Influenced by the difference of thermal properties between the lake and land,the prevailing wind at Xiaobohu Weather Station was westerly wind in daytime and east wind at night all the year round.Affected by the topography,however,the prevailing wind at Wayanshan Weather Station was southwest wind all the year round. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Evaluation on the Sensitivity of WRF Model in the Tianshan Mountains CHEN Shu-ying, HU Qi, ZHANG Chi, CHEN Xi, QIU Yuan, DU Hao-yang, WEI Cai-xia 2019, 36 (1):  193-203.  doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2019.01.22 Abstract ( 5 )   PDF (2395KB) ( 0 )   In this study,a sensitivity analysis of the weather research and forecasting model (WRF) to different physical options in the Tianshan Mountains was carried out to seek the best performance combination.Yearly simulations at seasonal scale from 28th November,2014 to 1st December,2015 were carried out.The station observations and GPM (Global Precipitation Measurement) satellite precipitation data (R≥0.6) were used to validate the simulated daily extreme temperatures and precipitation.This work showed that temperature was modeled by WRF well,the simulated results of daily maximum temperature (T2max,0.8<R<0.95) were better than that of daily minimum temperature (T2min,0.62<R<0.88),and T2min was sensitive to land surface model and cloud-microphysical model.The simulated results of precipitation by WRF were not so ideal with low correlation coefficients about 0.6 (R≈0.6),and they were different from different schemes.The cloud-microphysical scheme WSM 6-class could be used to simulate precipitation well.Kain-Fristch cumulus/convective scheme could not be used to describe the strong convection and complex terrain in the Tianshan Mountains as we got the very large T2min biases and negative values of precipitation in summer.The best performance combination was WSM 6-class (Cloud-microphysics),Betts-Miller-Janjic (Cumulus/Convective scheme),Mellor-Yamada-Janjic scheme/Monin-Obukhov (Janjic Eta) scheme (Planetary boundary layer/Surface layer scheme),NOAH (Land surface model),and Community Atmosphere Model (Longwave and shortwave radiation). References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Abnormal Change of Warmth Index and Coldness Index before and after Temperature Mutation in Inner Mongolia DAI Hai-yan, CHAO Lu-men, YANG Li-ping, GUO RUI-qing, CHEN Su-hua, DU Wa-la 2019, 36 (1):  204-211.  doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2019.01.23 Abstract ( 6 )   PDF (1922KB) ( 0 )   In this paper,the warmth index (WI) and coldness index (CI) in Inner Mongolia from 1961 to 2016 were analyzed,and the spatiotemporal distribution of these indexes and their changes before and after the temperature mutation were concluded.The results showed that the tendency rates of WI and CI were distributed in an inlaid pattern before the temperature mutation;after the temperature mutation,the tendency rate of WI was mainly in an increase trend,but that of CI was mainly in a decrease trend.In the context of climate warming,the CI in Inner Mongolia was holistically decreased after the temperature mutation,which revealed that it also became colder in cold season in east Inner Mongolia under the climate warming,and there were the sharp changes of both warmth and coldness.The five-year a moving average results showed that the heat increase in warm season was relatively stable,but the heat increase or decrease in cold season fluctuated obviously.The CI was in a decrease trend since the 21st century,and such decrease occurred 10 years earlier than that of WI.The tendency of CI in east Inner Mongolia was significantly decreased after the temperature mutation,and the tendency rates of WI and CI were distributed in an inlaid pattern in the central and western parts of Inner Mongolia. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Climate Change in North Xinjiang in Recent 56 Years ZHANG Yang, CHU Xin-zheng, YANG Shao-min, GUO Chao 2019, 36 (1):  212-219.  doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2019.01.24 Abstract ( 435 )   PDF (2160KB) ( 516 )   The mathematical statistics,trend rate method,Mann-Kendall mutation test and wavelet analysis were used to study the characteristics,trends and spatial difference of climate change in North Xinjiang in the past 56 years based on the daily temperature and precipitation data from 40 stations in North Xinjiang from 1961 to 2016.The results showed that,during the study period,there was generally a warming-wetting climate change trend.The annual average temperature increased by 0.34 ℃·(10a)-1,and the increase rate of annual precipitation was 12.05 mm·(10a)-1.Mann-Kendall mutation test showed that the temperature increased after 1991,and the precipitation increased gradually after its mutation in 1987;there were the 6-,14- and 28-year periodical changes of annual mean temperature,and the 4-,12- and 22-year ones of annual precipitation.In terms of spatial differences,the temperature increase was higher in the east and west than that in the north and south,and the precipitation increase was higher in the mountainous regions than that in the plains and basins and higher in the west than that in the east. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Estimation of Daily Value from PAR Instantaneous Value ZHANG Jing, XIE Ya-nan, WANG Ming-quan, WANG Mao-hua 2019, 36 (1):  220-227.  doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2019.01.25 Abstract ( 5 )   PDF (1550KB) ( 0 )   Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) commonly refers to solar radiation in the visible (400-700 nm) part of the electromagnetic spectrum.Despite its potential and critical application in terrestrial ecosystem modelling,surface PAR is not typically a routine observation at meteorological station.Remote sensing can be used to derive the spatiotemporally continuous instantaneous PAR,but the researches about daily PAR estimation are deficient,and their accuracy cannot be guaranteed.In this paper,a linear regression model was developed to calculate the daily PAR based on Surface Radiation Budget Network (SURFRAD) data through the instantaneous and theoretical PAR.The results indicated that the model was effective with root mean square errors (RMSE) about 8.863 1 W·m-2,with coefficient of determination (R2) about 0.977 without the limitations of areas. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Ecology and Environment

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Assessment and Countermeasures of Ecosystem Health in the Beijing-Zhangjiakou Area MA Zhen-gang, LI Li-li, YANG Run-tian, WANG Bao-jun 2019, 36 (1):  228-236.  doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2019.01.26 Abstract ( 3 )   PDF (1265KB) ( 0 )   In this paper,the status of ecosystem in the Beijing-Zhangjiakou region was analyzed,the strategy was put forward using the RS means and GIS spatial analysis,and 66 drainage basins were taken as the evaluation units.The results showed that the ecological health level in the Beijing-Zhangjiakou region was low,and the ecology in nearly 60% area was unhealthy or relatively unhealthy.At the junction of Beijing and Zhangjiakou cities,there was an ecological green belt with high health index.From this junction to the southeast and northwest,the index of ecological health was in a decrease trend.The ecological health index in Beijing was higher than that in Zhangjiakou.A polarization of regional ecological health status at county scale occurred in the Beijing-Zhangjiakou region,and the counties and districts where the proportion of areas with healthy ecology was higher than 80% and lower than 30% were in the majority.The low average patch area index was the overall factor restricting the ecosystem health in the Beijing-Zhangjiakou region.The low primary productivity,high level of human disturbance and low drainage density are the main factors affecting the unhealthy ecosystem.Some countermeasures were put forward:① The ecological green belt at the junction of Beijing and Zhangjiakou should be protected well,and the ecological construction in the small watershed No.37 should be emphasized;② It was suggested to promote the ecological construction in the southeast and northwest marginal zones of the Beijing-Zhangjiakou region,enhance the implementation of the Grain for Green Project in the Bashang Plateau,and control the expansion of the urban area and enlarge the area of the natural vegetation patches in the small catchments No.66 and No.39;③ It was suggested to focus on the supervision of the drainage basins with general ecological health and promote the connection of small mosaic patches with healthy ecosystem; ④ The focuses of ecological construction are to enlarge the vegetation patch area and increase the vegetation coverage,reduce the large-scale construction of farming and urbanization,and improve the restoration of drainage basins.⑤ It was also suggested to establish a special ecological zones in Zhangjiakou. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Impact of Drought on Crops Yield and Its Spatial Difference in the Mid-Mountain of the Koshi Basin ZHU Ran, FANG Yi-ping 2019, 36 (1):  237-243.  doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2019.01.27 Abstract ( 9 )   PDF (1482KB) ( 0 )   Drought is one of the most frequent meteorological hazards in the mid-mountain of the Koshi Basin and affects seriously the agricultural production.In this study,the meteorological and agricultural data were used to analyze the drought change and its impact on crop yield in the study area from 1998 to 2015 using the linear trend and regression analysis.The results are as follows:① The crop water stress index (CWSI) was increased at first and then decreased.In terms of CWSI,the drought disaster in the southern area was the most serious,then in the central area,and it was the lightest in the north;② The impacts of drought on different crops were significantly different.When 0.60≤CWSI<0.63,drought affected the growth rate of wheat yield per unit area.When 0.63≤CWSI<0.64,the yields of potato and wheat were affected by drought.When 0.64≤CWSI<0.65,the yields of barley,potato and wheat were affected by drought.When 0.65≤CWSI<0.66,the yields of corn,barley,potato and wheat were affected by drought.When CWSI≥0.66,the yields of corn,barley,potato,wheat and rice were affected by drought;③ There was a significant spatial difference in the impact of drought on crop yield.The critical values and impact extents caused by drought were different from different regions. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Change of Aridity Index in the Ebinur Lake Oasis,Xinjiang ZHANG An-he, DING Jian-li, DONG Yu, ZHANG Jun-yong, TAN Jiao 2019, 36 (1):  244-252.  doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2019.01.28 Abstract ( 7 )   PDF (1513KB) ( 0 )   In this paper,the values of annual and seasonal aridity index in the Ebinur Lake Oasis in Xinjiang,China were calculated based on the measured data of monthly precipitation,wind speed,relative humidity and radiation at four meteorological stations in the oasis during the period from1960 to 2013.The linear fitting method,Mann-Kendall mutation test,wavelet analysis and climate sensitivity coefficient test were used.The results are as follows:① The average aridity index of the Ebinur Lake Oasis was 6.97 in recent 54 years,and it suggested that the study area could be categorized as an arid region.The aridity index was in a significant decrease trend with an average rate of 0.49·(10a)-1 (P<0.05).The average aridity index in summer was as high as 9.04,but its minimum value in winter was 2.20 only;② The annual aridity index in the Ebinur Lake Oasis was sharply decreased in 1985.Seasonally,the sharp decrease of aridity index in summer and winter occurred in 1991 and 1983 respectively,however,there was no mutation of aridity index in spring and autumn;③ There were 7-8-year and 20-21-year periodic variations of aridity index in the Ebinur Lake Oasis in recent 54 years,the first principal period of aridity index variation was for 9 years,and the second and third periodical changes were for 21 years and 5 years respectively;④ The aridity index in the Ebinur Lake Oasis was the most sensitive to the change of wind speed,the contribution of wind speed change to the variation of aridity index was the highest,and the aridity index was not sensitive to the change of sunshine duration. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Morphological Features of Nitraria tangutorum Nebkhas in Different Habitats WEI Ya-juan, WANG Ji, DANG Xiao-hong, ZHANG Yong, XIE Yun-hu, SHEN Gui-lu, DING Yan-long, WAN Fang 2019, 36 (1):  253-261.  doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2019.01.29 Abstract ( 4 )   PDF (1496KB) ( 0 )   The morphological features of Nitraria tangutorum nebkhas in different habitats in the desert-oasis ecotone in Jilantai were investigated.The relationships among the morphological parameters and the growth of N.tangutorum nebkhas were quantitatively analyzed.The results are as follows:① The morphological parameters of N.tangutorum nebkhas along their long ellipsoidal direction varied in a wide range with the increase of stand age of Haloxylon ammodendron (except the N.tangutorum area),and the luxuriantly growing thickets evolved in some areas;② The correlation coefficients of the morphological parameters of N.tangutorum nebkhas in four different habitats were all higher than 0.782 and showed a significant correlation (P<0.01),which was the result of the cooperated development of the nebkhas in various habitats; ③ The regression equation analysis revealed that there was a significant linear relationship between the length and width (R2>0.721 7) and a relationship of power function and quadratic function between the horizontal size and height (R2>0.835 1) of N.tangutorum nebkhas in various habitats.Which indicated that the N.tangutorum nebkhas were all at the developing stage; ④ The height and coverage of N.tangutorum shrubbery affected significantly the morphological features of N.tangutorum nebkhas,that means the height,basal area and volume of the nebkhas were increased with the increase of plant height and coverage of N.tangutorum shrubbery. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Wind Erosion on Different Solonchaks in Dried Lake Bed HAN Xu-jiao, ZHANG Guo-ming, LEI Jie, LIU Lian-you, DAI Jia-dong, YANG Yan-yan 2019, 36 (1):  262-268.  doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2019.01.30 Abstract ( 3 )   PDF (1790KB) ( 0 )   In this study,the soil samples of the typical solonchaks including meadow solonchak,puffy solonchak and crustal solonchak as well as the topsoil and undisturbed soil were collected from the dried lake beds in northeast Inner Mongolia.Through wind tunnel experiments,the wind erosion rates of different solonchak samples were revealed.The compared results of wind tunnel experiments revealed that the pure airflow rates were in an order of meadow solonchak (12 m·s-1) > puffy solonchak (9 m·s-1) > crustal solonchak (8 m·s-1).The wind erosion rates were in an order of puffy solonchak (14.44 g·m-2·min-1) > meadow solonchak (1.00 g·m-2·min-1) > crustal solonchak (0.42 g·m-2·min-1).With the increase of wind velocity,the difference of wind erosion rates of different solonchaks became more significant.The wind velocity higher than 15 m·s-1 was the main driving force for wind erosion in the dried lake beds.During the process of wind erosion,the sediments were mainly distributed within the height 0-10 cm from the ground.In the initial movement,the movement of eroded materials from saline soil was dominated by rolling and close-range saltation.Results showed that the sediment flux was increased with the increase of wind velocity.With the increase of wind speed,more and more dust particles subjected to a stronger impact and formed finer dust particles to release into the air.Therefore,the salt land surface in arid area was an important source of material to form a regional saline dust or salt dust weather.The transport flux of soil samples was ranked in an order of puffy solonchak (3.17 g) > crustal solonchak (0.42 g) > meadow solonchak (0.35 g). References | Related Articles | Metrics