新疆阿克苏河流域高砷地下水化学特征及富集成因

doi:10.13866/j.azr.2025.02.07

Abstract

Abstract:

In the Aksu River Basin, 20% of the domestic and irrigation water comes from groundwater, making it crucial to understand the distribution and formation of high-arsenic (As) groundwater in the area. Based on the hydrochemical and isotope results, graphical methods were used to analyze the hydrochemical characteristics of the groundwater and the spatial distribution and forms of arsenic, revealing the As occurrence environment combined with geological, geomorphological, and hydrogeochemical processes. The results revealed that the single-structure phreatic water is alkaline oxidizing brackish water, the phreatic water in the confined water area is alkaline weakly oxidizing saline water, and the confined water is alkaline reducing fresh water. The As content ranged from 0.05 to 160 µg·L^-1, with a rate exceeding the standard of 19.5%. The hydrochemical types of high-As groundwater are mainly Cl·SO₄-Na, SO₄·Cl-Na·Ca, and Cl-Na, distributed in confined and phreatic water in the area downstream of the Aksu and Tailan Rivers at a depth of 10-42 m. From the mountainfront to the fine soil plain, the occurrence environment changes from weakly oxidizing to reducing. The As content and saturation index of the groundwater generally exhibited an increasing trend. The single-structure phreatic water and confined water were mainly controlled by the water-rock interaction. In contrast, the phreatic water in the confined water areas was mainly controlled by the evaporation concentration. The distribution of groundwater As is mainly related to structural factors, with realgar dissolution being the primary natural source. The arid climate and the geological, geomorphological, and hydrogeological conditions create external conditions for the enrichment of high-As groundwater. Factors like pH, desulfurization process, Eh, and groundwater circulation patterns affect As release. This study helps us understand the formation and evolution of high-As groundwater in the Aksu River Basin, which is crucial for ensuring water supply safety.

Key words: Aksu Rive Basin, high-arsenic groundwater, arid region, genesis analysis, occurrence environment

LU Li, GE Yanyan, LI Sheng, ZHANG Yun. Hydrochemical characteristics and enrichment mechanisms of high-arsenic groundwater in the Aksu River Basin, Xinjiang[J].Arid Zone Research, 2025, 42(2): 258-273.

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地貌	含水层类型（取样深度、样品数）	统计项	pH /(mg·L^-1)	TDS /(mg·L^-1)	Na⁺+K⁺ /(mg·L^-1)	Ca²⁺ /(mg·L^-1)	Mg²⁺ /(mg·L^-1)	HCO₃^- /(mg·L^-1)	SO₄^2- /(mg·L^-1)	Cl^- /(mg·L^-1)	As /(μg·L^-1)	Eh /mV
山前倾斜平原	单一结构潜水（1.7~130 m、 n=56）	平均值	8.263	1281	286.045	97.743	60.585	214.497	353.723	377.099	5.61	293.47
		中位数	8.3	544	73.69	68.71	38.74	202.62	177.1	77.42	0.77	179.33
		最小值	7.47	248	21.44	30.32	16.42	79.33	69.04	18.86	0.05	29.3
		最大值	8.66	16500	5565.08	404.9	262.45	707.83	2646.18	7593.39	160	652.61
		变异系数	0.034	1.918	2.94	0.742	0.936	0.549	1.355	3.104	4.99	1.85
冲洪积细土平原	承压水区潜水（1.3~45 m、 n=102)	平均值	7.963	5689.608	1405.641	301.561	244.214	265.408	1967.937	1967.937	8.99	143.78
		中位数	8.04	2746	491.43	183.59	150.27	260.54	1050.18	575.71	2.33	151.77
		最小值	6.59	468	45.05	44.77	26.75	21.36	40.7	40.7	0.1	-136.07
		最大值	8.88	59336	17520.75	1702.59	1989.4	756.65	30095.63	30095.63	151.08	383.07
		变异系数	0.055	1.55	1.866	0.911	1.26	0.535	2.054	2.054	2.15	1.49
	承压水（8~90 m、 n=37)	平均值	8.394	645.297	123.799	56.376	32.251	112.475	204.691	154.013	12.37	-28.71
		中位数	8.41	500	85.28	43.86	25.6	97.53	173.95	100.25	7.1	24.21
		最小值	7.75	200	29.04	16.49	4.9	36.61	40.63	23.82	0.8	-189.13
		最大值	8.76	1920	512.36	201.42	121.97	341.71	771.88	810.95	75.39	133.87
		变异系数	0.03	0.649	0.801	0.727	0.768	0.531	0.673	1.103	1.22	1.04

含水层	理论模型	块金值C₀	基台值C₀+C	变程A/km	块基值比C₀/（C₀+C）	R²	RSS
潜水	Exponential	0.547	2.561	72.66	21.36	0.914	0.339
承压水	Spherical	0.139	1.173	29.70	11.85	0.630	0.808

含水层类型	行政区	样品数量/组				高砷地下水类型
含水层类型	行政区	<5 μg·L^-1	5 μg·L^-1<As<10 μg·L^-1	As>10 μg·L^-1	均值/（μg·L^-1）	高砷地下水类型
潜水	阿拉尔市	13	2	4	13.94	SO₄·Cl-Na·Ca
	阿瓦提县	34	7	8	7.97	Cl·SO₄-Na/SO₄·Cl-Na
	阿克苏市	31	3	3	2.98	SO₄·Cl-Na·Mg/SO₄·Cl-Na·Ca·Mg
	温宿县	37	5	8	9.29	Cl-Na·Ca/Cl·SO-Na
	乌什县	3	0	0	0.43	-
	合计	118	17	23	-	-
承压水	阿拉尔市	1	0	2	40.16	Cl·SO₄-Na/SO₄·Cl-Na
	阿瓦提县	1	2	4	11.41	Cl·SO₄-Na/SO₄·Cl-Na·Mg
	阿克苏市	5	6	5	8.95	Cl·SO₄-Na·Ca/SO₄·Cl-Na·Ca
	温宿县	5	2	4	10.39	Cl·SO₄-Na·Ca/SO₄·HCO₃-Na·Ca
	合计	12	10	15	-	-

指标	潜水			承压水
指标	PC1	PC2	PC3	PC1	PC2	PC3
pH	-0.282	0.412	-0.114	-0.203	-0.133	0.601
TDS	0.401	0.154	-0.027	0.449	0.108	0.035
Na⁺+K⁺	0.392	0.184	0.005	0.362	0.326	0.132
Ca²⁺	0.371	-0.039	-0.023	0.427	0.011	-0.178
Mg²⁺	0.380	0.083	-0.156	0.329	-0.415	0.065
HCO₃^-	0.147	-0.550	0.245	0.121	-0.557	0.038
SO₄^2-	0.372	0.069	-0.030	0.401	-0.185	0.058
Cl^-	0.388	0.187	-0.033	0.370	0.336	0.036
As	-0.070	0.328	0.478	0.061	0.171	0.698
Eh	-0.011	0.453	0.310	0.055	0.047	-0.279
F^-	0.092	-0.185	0.758	-0.127	0.451	-0.111
特征值	5.885	1.490	1.107	4.713	2.505	1.193
累计贡献率/%	58.437	73.175	82.182	46.559	67.583	79.421

Hydrochemical characteristics and enrichment mechanisms of high-arsenic groundwater in the Aksu River Basin, Xinjiang

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