天山科其喀尔冰川末端降水化学特征及控制因素

doi:10.13866/j.azr.2022.02.02

Abstract

Abstract:

Atmospheric precipitation was sampled in the summer at the end of the Koxkar Glacier, Tianshan Mountains, China. Based on analyses of the ion concentration, conductivity, and pH characteristics, we explored the solute sources and control factors for regional precipitation using factor analysis, enrichment factors, and backward trajectory tracking. Atmospheric precipitation was slightly alkaline, with a pH between 7.15 and 8.52, and their anions and cations were dominated by HCO₃^-and Ca²⁺, respectively, which belong to the typical HCO₃-Ca type. The conductivity and total ion concentration of precipitation during the daytime were 11.56% and 9.40% higher, respectively, than those of the nighttime; this may be caused by the wet deposition of aerosol materials from the piedmont and plain areas with the near-surface wind under the action of valley wind or glacial wind during the daytime. Precipitation ions mainly originated from the supply of crustal source materials, accounting for 85.54% of the total ion content; among them, HCO₃^-, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺ were mainly supplied by carbonate rock weathering (Ca_xMg_1-xCO₃) in the Jurassic sedimentary layer and Quaternary loess sedimentary layer, whereas Cl^-, SO₄^2-, Na⁺, and K⁺ were mainly supplied by the evaporation of salt lakes caused by drought or the weathering of saline soil formed by alluvial/proluvial processes in Central Asia and the Tarim Basin. Only 41.52% of Na⁺ and 96.22% of Cl^- in precipitation originated from ocean sources and salt lakes, and their concentration ratio was 2.13:1, indicating that ocean source air masses were affected by the precipitation reevaporation and wind erosion of surface materials during long-distance transportation; this resulted in ocean source recharge only accounting for 4.87% of the total precipitation ions. The solute supplied by human activities was approximately twice that of ocean sources, mainly NH₄⁺,NO₃^-, and SO₄^2-, which could provide the necessary nitrogen and sulfur for soil formation and alpine vegetation growth in the study area. Air mass backward trajectory tracking showed that westerly circulation had a significant impact on the precipitation and chemical composition in southern Xinjiang. The average proportion due to a water vapor source path and precipitation was 64.35% and 53.04% respectively. Although the total ion concentration in precipitation formed by westerly circulation accounted for only 69.91% of the local circulation, the average NO₃^-concentration was 1.42 times that of the local circulation precipitation, indicating that the air and water quality in the Tarim Basin may be affected by human activities in Central Asia.

Key words: atmospheric precipitation, solute source, human activity, water vapor transportation, cold alpine regions

WANG Jian,HAN Haidong,XU Junli,YAN Wei. Chemical characteristics and their influencing factors of precipitation at the end of the Koxkar Glacier, Tianshan Mountains[J].Arid Zone Research, 2022, 39(2): 347-358.

Figures/Tables 10

Fig. 1

Tab. 1

Chemical composition of precipitation in different periods"

时期	样品数	离子浓度/(μeq·L^-1)										电导率/(μS·cm^-1)	pH
时期	样品数	Cl^-	$S O 4 2 -$	$N O 3 -$	$HC O 3 -$	Na⁺	$N H 4 +$	K⁺	Mg²⁺	Ca²⁺	总离子	电导率/(μS·cm^-1)	pH
6月	45	17.38	24.77	18.97	383.28	40.70	43.81	3.07	43.06	313.77	888.81	49.54	7.97
7月	44	18.79	32.30	46.09	496.76	40.89	61.70	6.25	52.95	432.15	1187.88	64.70	7.74
8月	30	34.12	43.46	29.79	539.54	68.48	53.82	5.67	55.56	463.37	1293.81	67.71	7.75
9月	15	39.57	49.09	20.06	544.23	79.94	56.76	6.12	53.92	456.20	1305.89	68.84	7.70
白天	99	25.38	34.14	25.51	490.07	54.42	50.03	4.56	51.57	414.50	1150.18	62.44	7.84
夜里	35	20.38	34.18	44.32	426.80	42.76	62.83	6.38	46.78	366.94	1051.38	55.97	7.74
观测期	134	24.07	34.15	30.42	473.54	51.38	53.38	5.04	50.32	402.07	1124.37	60.75	7.81

Tab. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Tab. 2

Factor analysis of main solute parameters in precipitation（Number of samples n=134）"

主成分	Cl^-	$S O 4 2 -$	$N O 3 -$	$HC O 3 -$	Na⁺	$N H 4 +$	K⁺	Mg²⁺	Ca²⁺	总离子浓度	EC	pH	解释方差/%
EOF1	0.31	0.38	0.31	0.91	0.34	-0.18	0.37	0.90	0.91	0.86	0.87	-0.30	62.91
EOF2	0.93	0.87	0.11	0.38	0.91	0.02	0.84	0.23	0.39	0.48	0.45	-0.55	15.67
EOF3	0.08	0.24	0.89	-0.01	0.04	0.78	0.26	0.27	0.08	0.17	0.10	-0.13	9.71

Tab. 2

Tab. 3

The enrichment factor of ion concentration in precipitation at the end of the Koxkar Glacier relative to ocean and crustal sources"

来源	$S O 4 2 -$ /Cl^-	$N O 3 -$ /Cl^-	Ca²⁺/Cl^-	Na⁺/Cl^-	Mg²⁺/Cl^-	K⁺/Cl^-	$HC O 3 -$ /Cl^-	$N H 4 +$ /Cl^-
海水	0.104	0.000017	0.038	0.86	0.195	0.019	0.0043	0.016
降水	1.419	1.264	16.704	2.134	2.091	0.209	19.674	2.218
EF_海洋源	13.64	74346.56	439.59	2.48	10.72	11.02	4531.11	134.54
来源	$S O 4 2 -$ /Ca²⁺	$N O 3 -$ /Ca²⁺	Cl^-/Ca²⁺	Na⁺/Ca²⁺	Mg²⁺/Ca²⁺	K⁺/Ca²⁺	-	-
地壳	0.005	0.004	0.001	0.821	0.876	0.272	-	-
降水	0.085	0.076	0.060	0.128	0.125	0.013	-	-
EF_地壳源	17.23	17.11	47.63	0.16	0.14	0.05	-	-

Tab. 3

Tab. 4

The contribution ratio of different sources to the main ions in precipitation at the end of the Koxkar Glacier /%"

时间	海洋源								地壳源								人类活动
时间	Cl^-	$S O 4 2 -$	$HC O 3 -$	Na⁺	$N H 4 +$	K⁺	Mg²⁺	Ca²⁺	Cl^-	$S O 4 2 -$	$N O 3 -$	$HC O 3 -$	Na⁺	K⁺	Mg²⁺	Ca²⁺	$S O 4 2 -$	$N O 3 -$	$N H 4 +$
白天	96.30	6.87	0.02	40.25	2.37	8.81	10.68	0.24	3.70	8.74	10.84	99.98	59.75	91.19	89.32	99.76	84.39	89.15	97.63
夜里	96.02	6.24	0.02	45.10	2.61	8.08	9.58	0.21	3.98	9.98	12.78	99.98	54.90	91.92	90.42	99.79	83.78	87.22	97.39
观测期	96.22	6.70	0.02	41.52	2.44	8.62	10.39	0.23	3.78	9.07	11.35	99.98	58.48	91.38	89.61	99.77	84.23	88.65	97.56

Tab. 4

Fig. 5

Tab. 5

Percentage of different source trajectories and mean weighted concentrations of major ions in precipitation at the end of the Koxkar Glacier"

年份	来源路径	降水频次占比/%	降水比率 /%	离子浓度/(μeq·L^-1)
年份	来源路径	降水频次占比/%	降水比率 /%	Cl^-	$S O 4 2 -$	$N O 3 -$	$HC O 3 -$	Na⁺	$N H 4 +$	K⁺	Mg²⁺	Ca²⁺	总离子
2013	1	58.46	53.42	32.64	34.33	40.05	310.16	55.40	48.34	4.07	35.24	274.12	834.36
	2	12.31	5.18	38.22	53.07	63.56	371.99	62.66	59.57	10.66	47.91	345.84	1053.48
	3	26.15	34.34	20.35	39.58	30.91	658.05	36.32	71.56	9.56	42.23	589.27	1497.83
	4	3.08	7.06	12.43	27.94	31.76	379.02	60.44	85.96	3.69	35.65	265.41	902.30
	均值		49.83^（3）	27.23	36.68	37.54	371.07	49.50	59.59	6.22	38.22	318.40	944.46
2014	1	11.59	3.38	42.89	31.12	34.72	346.92	56.81	49.33	3.49	44.93	301.10	911.31
	2	46.38	44.15	25.71	26.54	27.85	520.63	56.71	32.70	3.79	65.66	441.88	1201.46
	3	40.58	52.43	16.16	35.80	18.87	636.20	49.91	59.37	3.95	60.80	533.10	1414.16
	4	1.45	0.05	24.16	35.56	37.21	476.56	36.69	48.30	4.32	54.64	429.53	1146.98
	均值		50.17^（4）	20.94	31.64	23.35	575.32	53.24	47.20	3.86	62.34	485.18	1303.07
采样期	西风环流^(1）	65.08	53.07	30.02	31.41	35.21	412.26	56.37	41.59	4.21	50.32	356.42	1017.81
	局地环流^(2）	33.39	43.42	18.25	37.69	24.87	647.09	43.14	65.44	6.75	51.55	561.09	1455.85
	其他源	2.26	3.54	12.43	27.94	31.76	379.02	60.44	85.96	3.69	35.65	265.41	902.30

Tab. 5

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Chemical characteristics and their influencing factors of precipitation at the end of the Koxkar Glacier, Tianshan Mountains

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