双龙沟矸石治理过程中植物群落演替及物种多样性研究

doi:10.13866/j.azr.2023.08.10

干旱区研究 ›› 2023, Vol. 40 ›› Issue (8): 1294-1303.doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2023.08.10 cstr: 32277.14.AZR.20230810

双龙沟矸石治理过程中植物群落演替及物种多样性研究

王理德^1,^2,^3,⁴(),宋达成^1,²,李广宇^1,³(),赵赫然^1,²,郑克文⁵

1.甘肃省治沙研究所，甘肃兰州 730070
2.甘肃河西走廊森林生态系统国家定位观测研究站，甘肃武威 733000
3.甘肃民勤荒漠草地生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站, 甘肃民勤 733300
4.甘肃农业大学林学院，甘肃兰州 730070
5.天祝藏族自治县哈溪镇畜牧兽医站，甘肃天祝 733206

收稿日期:2023-01-09 修回日期:2023-03-29 出版日期:2023-08-15 发布日期:2023-08-24
作者简介:王理德(1969-)，男，博士，研究员，硕士生导师，主要从事生物多样性及水土保持与荒漠化防治研究. E-mail: wldzy69@163.net
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(42167069);与甘肃省青年科技基金(20JR10RA468);与甘肃省青年科技基金(21JR7RA734)

Syndynamic and diversity of species during gangue treatment in Shuanglong ditch

WANG Lide^1,^2,^3,⁴(),SONG Dacheng^1,²,LI Guangyu^1,³(),ZHAO Heran^1,²,ZHENG Kewen⁵

1. Gansu Desert Control Research Institute, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
2. Gansu Hexi Corridor Forest Ecosystem National Research Station, Wuwei 733000, Gansu, China
3. Minqin National Station for Desert Steppe Ecosystem Studies, Mingqin 733300, Gansu, China
4. College of Forestry, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
5. Haxi Town of Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomous County Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Station, Tianzhu 733206, Gansu, China

Received:2023-01-09 Revised:2023-03-29 Published:2023-08-15 Online:2023-08-24

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为了探讨矸石治理过程中植物群落演替及物种多样性，本文运用时空替代法，选择甘肃省天祝藏族自治县双龙沟矸石治理不同年限 (2 a、5 a、10 a )和未治理的矸石作为对照（CK）样地，通过对植被调查，分析研究了植物群落演替特征及物种多样性，并揭示其随着矸石治理年限的增加呈现出的变化规律，为祁连山东段双龙沟及其相似地区矸石治理、生态系统修复及生态环境建设提供科学理论基础。研究表明：（1）双龙沟矸石治理过程中，4个样地共出现24科40属55种植物，其中有15科是单科、单属及单种，菊科、禾本科、蔷薇科植物种数达到28种，占总科数的12.5%，总物种数达到50.91%。物种构成表现为：多数种属于少数科，大部分植物种为单科、单属。（2）随着矸石治理年限的增加，群落优势种由一年生或多年生草本植物逐渐转化为多年生草本植物及灌木植物，植物种由对照（CK）的11种，增加到矸石治理5 a时28种，再降到矸石治理10 a的18种，最后垂穗披碱草、早熟禾及沙棘成为该样地的优势种，这三种植物重要值的总和达到48.107。（3）随着矸石治理年限增加，物种数、Shannon多样性指数、Margalef丰富度指数从CK到矸石治理5 a时逐渐增加，分别达到最大值28、3.506及2.877；Pielou均匀度指数呈现“下降-上升-再下降”的变化趋势，变化幅度不大。Simpson优势度指数呈现出“上升-下降-再上升”变化趋势，矸石治理10 a时达到最大值0.359；（4）矸石治理年限对植物种群数量特征影响较大，株高从CK、2 a到10 a显著增高（P<0.05），盖度从CK到治理5 a、10 a显著增大（P<0.05），植物株数从CK到治理10 a显著增大（P<0.05）。综上所述，祁连山东段双龙沟矸石治理过程中，在人工干预下，矸石治理年限对植被演替及物种多样性影响较大，植物群落逐渐变得单一、稳定。

关键词: 双龙沟, 矸石治理, 植物群落演替, 重要值, 物种多样性

Abstract:

In order to explore the succession and species diversity of plant communities in the process of gangue treatment, the text used the time-space substitution method to select the different years (2, 5, and 10 a) of gangue treatment in Shuanglong ditch, Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomous County, Gansu Province, and the untreated gangue as the contrast (CK) sample plots. The vegetation was surveyed, and the succession characteristics and species diversity of plant communities were analyzed. The results show that: (1) during the process of Shuanglong ditch gangue treatment, we identified 55 species of plants belonging to 40 genera and 24 families in 4 sample plots. Among these taxa, 15 families were single families, single genus, and single species. There were 28 species of Asteraceae, Poaceae, and Rosaceae, which accounted for 12.5% of the total number of families and 50.91% of the total species. Most of the species belonged to a few families, and most plant species belonged to a single family and a single genus. (2) During the years of gangue treatment, the dominant species of the community gradually changed from annual or perennial herbs to perennial herbs and shrubs. The number of plant species in the CK was 11, and after 5 years of gangue treatment, we identified 28 species, which decreased to 18 species after 10 years of gangue treatment. Finally, Elymus nutans, Poa pratensis, and Hippophae rhamnoides become the dominant species in the sample plot; and these three plants comprised 48.107. (3) With increasing gangue treatment time, the number of species, Shannon diversity index, and Margalef richness index gradually increased from CK to 5 years after gangue treatment, reaching maximum values of 28, 3.506, and 2.877 respectively. The Pielou evenness index changed little, although we observed a trend of “falling-rising-falling.” In contrast, the Simpson dominance index showed a trend of “rising-falling-rising,” reaching the maximum value of 0.359 after 10 years of gangue treatment. (4) The length of time of gangue treatment greatly impacted the quantitative characteristics of the plant population. Plant height significantly increased from CK, 2-10 a (P < 0.05). Coverage significantly increased from CK to 5 a and 10 a of treatment (P < 0.05). The number of plants increased significantly from CK to 10 a of treatment (P < 0.05). Overall, the results indicate that years of gangue treatment greatly impacted vegetation succession and species diversity in the Shuanglong ditch of the eastern section of Qilian Mountains; and the plant community has gradually become single and stable.

Key words: Shuanglong ditch, gangue treatment, syndynamic, importance value, diversity of species

王理德, 宋达成, 李广宇, 赵赫然, 郑克文. 双龙沟矸石治理过程中植物群落演替及物种多样性研究[J]. 干旱区研究, 2023, 40(8): 1294-1303.

WANG Lide, SONG Dacheng, LI Guangyu, ZHAO Heran, ZHENG Kewen. Syndynamic and diversity of species during gangue treatment in Shuanglong ditch[J]. Arid Zone Research, 2023, 40(8): 1294-1303.

图/表 6

图1

表1

表2

表3

矸石治理年限对植物群落物种重要值的影响"

编号	物种	植物生活型	修复年限
编号	物种	植物生活型	CK	2 a	5 a	10 a
1	臭蒿Artemisia hedinii	草本	14.763	0	0	0
2	垂穗披碱草Elymus nutans	草本	13.361	18.548	4.212	11.789
3	风毛菊Saussurea japonica	草本	10.841	2.180
4	高原毛茛Ranunculus tanguticus	草本	13.372	1.732
5	还阳参Crepis rigescens	草本	13.912	2.144
6	山卷耳Cerastium pusillum	草本	7.036	2.433
7	委陵菜Potentilla chinensis	草本	4.763
8	西藏点地梅Androsace mariae	草本	4.771
9	小果滨藜Microgynoecium tibeticum	草本	6.579
10	糙叶蝇子草Silene trachyphylla	草本	0	1.609
11	车前Plantago asiatica	草本	0	2.977	3.955
12	多茎委陵菜Potentilla multicaulis	草本	0	3.800	5.794
13	蕨麻Potentilla anserina	草本	0	10.921	1.727	1.535
14	甘肃蒿Artemisia gansuensis	草本	0	5.822
15	蒙古蒿Artemisia mongolica	草本	0	2.179		5.103
16	披碱草Elymus dahuricus	草本	0	7.998	0.713
17	肉果草Lancea tibetica	草本	0	2.599
18	涩荠Malcolmia africana	草本	0	1.829
19	天山千里光Senecio thianschanicus	草本	0	4.143	3.253
20	驼舌草Goniolimon speciosum	草本	0	2.710
21	鼬瓣花Galeopsis bifida	草本	0	2.865		1.993
22	早熟禾Poa annua	草本	0	2.612	2.066	19.155
23	矮火绒草Leontopodium nanum	草本	0		4.140
24	丛生钉柱委陵菜Potentilla saundersiana var. caespitosa	草本	0		2.390
25	钉柱委陵菜Potentilla saundersiana	草本	0		1.946
26	短花针茅Stipa breviflora	草本	0		0.980
27	佛子茅Calamagrostis epigeios	草本	0		1.853
28	火绒草Leontopodium leontopodioides	草本	0		6.999
29	蒲公英Taraxacum mongolicum	草本	0		2.311
30	苔草Carex spp.	草本	0		4.599
31	椭圆叶花锚Halenia elliptica	草本	0		0.975
32	细果角茴香Hypecoum leptocarpum	草本	0		2.880
33	细叶亚菊Ajania tenuifolia	草本	0		2.226
34	圆穗蓼Polygonum macrophyllum	草本	0		1.127
35	圆柱披碱草Elymus dahuricus var. cylindricus	草本	0		1.880
36	狭叶委陵菜Potentilla stenophylla	草本	0		0.777
37	沼生柳叶菜Epilobium palustre	草本	0		1.537
38	珠芽蓼Polygonum viviparum	草本	0		3.311
39	北方拉拉藤Galium boreale	草本	0			2.303
40	短腺小米草Euphrasia regelii	草本	0			2.561
41	二裂委陵菜Potentilla bifurca	草本	0			1.357
42	甘青铁线莲Clematis tangutica	藤本	0			8.242
43	灰绿黄堇Corydalis adunca	草本	0			2.728
44	老鸛草Geranium wilfordii	草本	0			1.409
45	马莲Iris lactea	草本	0			2.715
46	秦艽Gentiana macrophμlla	草本	0			2.176
47	乳白香青Anaphalis lactea	草本	0			2.267
48	悬钩子Rubus corchorifolius	灌木	7.102
49	银露梅Potentilla glabra	灌木	3.5	3.898	11.501	6.412
50	金露梅Potentilla fruticosa	灌木	0	2.791	6.849
51	沙棘Hippophae rhamnoides	灌木	0	9.028	10.303	17.163
52	小叶柳Salix hypoleuca	灌木	0	1.945
53	西北沼委陵菜Comarum salesovianum	灌木	0	3.236	7.131	7.730
54	肋果沙棘（小）Hippophae neurocarpa	灌木	0		2.565
55	忍冬Lonicera japonica	灌木	0			3.361

表3

表4

表5

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编号	治理年限/a	海拔/m	纬度	经度	群落优势种
0a-1	0	3113	37°22′13″N	102°22′53″E	臭蒿（Artemisia hedinii）、还阳参（Crepis rigescens）、高原毛茛（Ranunculus tanguticus）、垂穗披碱草（Elymus nutans）
0a-2	0	3050	37°22′17″N	102°23′6″E
0a-3	0	3052	37°22′14″N	102°23′7″E
2a-1	2	3048	37°22′16″N	102°23′9″E	垂穗披碱草、蕨麻（Potentilla anserina）、沙棘（Hippophae rhamnoides）、披碱草(Elymus dahuricus)
2a-2	2	3048	37°22′16″N	102°23′9″E
2a-3	2	3048	37°22′16″N	102°23′9″E
5a-1	5	3003	37°22′6″N	102°23′45″E	银露梅（Potentilla glabra）、沙棘、西北沼委陵菜（Comarum salesovianum）、火绒草（Leontopodium leontopodioides）
5a-2	5	2966	37°22′7″N	102°23′47″E
5a-3	5	2663	37°23′49″N	102°29′12″E
10a-1	10	2959	37°22′18″N	102°23′55″E	早熟禾（Poa annua）、沙棘、垂穗披碱草、西北沼委陵菜
10a-2	10	2868	37°22′26″N	102°25′23″E
10a-3	10	2652	37°23′49″N	102°29′15″E

编号	科	属数	物种数
1	菊科（Asteraceae）	8	11
2	禾本科（Poaceae）	4	6
3	蔷薇科（Rosaceae）	3	11
4	毛茛科（Ranunculaceae）	2	2
5	石竹科（Caryophyllaceae）	2	2
6	报春花科（Primulaceae）	1	1
7	苋科（Amaranthaceae）	1	1
8	车前科（Plantaginaceae）	1	1
9	通泉草科（Mazaceae）	1	1
10	十字花科（Brassicaceae）	1	1
11	白花丹科（Plumbaginaceae）	1	1
12	唇形科（Lamiaceae）	1	1
13	莎草科（Cyperaceae）	1	1
14	龙胆科（Gentianaceae）	2	2
15	罂粟科（Papaveraceae）	2	2
16	蓼科（Polygonaceae）	1	2
17	柳叶菜科（Onagraceae）	1	1
18	茜草科（Rubiaceae）	1	1
19	列当科（Orobanchaceae）	1	1
20	牻牛儿苗科（Geraniaceae）	1	1
21	鸢尾科（Iridaceae）	1	1
22	胡颓子科（Elaeagnaceae）	1	2
23	杨柳科（Salicaceae）	1	1
24	忍冬科（Caprifoliaceae）	1	1
合计		40	55

治理年限	物种数(S)	Shannon(H)	Pielou(E)	Simpson(C)	Margalef(D_MG)
CK	11	2.266	0.655	0.284	1.417
2 a	23	2.280	0.504	0.325	2.438
5 a	28	3.506	0.729	0.159	2.877
10 a	18	2.039	0.489	0.359	1.734

样地	株高/cm	盖度/%	植物株数/(株·m^-2)
CK	3.170±0.208a	22.551±2.328a	157.037±13.838a
2	15.595±1.004b	36.305±2.448ab	227.502±17.027ab
5	23.223±3.776b	52.710±5.068b	276.704±85.779ab
10	100.585±12.030c	89.562±2.176c	425.061±36.571b

双龙沟矸石治理过程中植物群落演替及物种多样性研究

Syndynamic and diversity of species during gangue treatment in Shuanglong ditch

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