干旱区绿洲膜下滴灌棉田蒸散发

doi:10.13866/j.azr.2023.01.16

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

蒸散发是干旱区农田水循环过程中水分消耗的主要途径，对研究气候变化下干旱区农田耗水规律和制定科学的灌溉制度有重要作用。连续3 a利用大型称重式蒸渗仪监测滴灌棉田蒸散发，设置覆膜与不覆膜对比试验，研究蒸散发过程，分析覆膜和气象因素对蒸散发的影响。结果表明：（1）在棉花整个生育期内，覆膜与不覆膜滴灌棉田的平均蒸散量分别为292.15 mm和429.22 mm，膜下滴灌的种植方式可以降低31.93%的蒸散量。（2）蒸散量和蒸散强度在不同生育阶段的大小关系：花铃期>蕾期>吐絮期>苗期。（3）滴灌棉田在00:00—08:00进行凝结，在08:00—23:00进行蒸散发，蒸散量在午后达到最大值，苗期最大值出现最早，花铃期最大值出现最晚。（4）蒸散发与风速、辐射、气温呈正相关；与湿度和气压呈负相关。（5）降雨会促进滴灌棉田蒸散发。总体而言，覆膜可以减少水分蒸散发，有助于提升农业生产过程中的水分利用效率。

关键词: 蒸散发, 滴灌棉田, 蒸渗仪, 干旱区

Abstract:

Crop evapotranspiration is the main way of water consumption in the process of farmland water cycle in arid region. It plays an important role in the study of the law of water consumption and formulating scientific irrigation systems under climate change in arid regions. A large-scale weighing lysimeter was used to monitor evapotranspiration of drip irrigation cotton field for 3 consecutive years. Drip irrigation under mulch film and no mulch film were compared to analyze the influence of film mulching and meteorological factors on evapotranspiration. Results showed that (1) in the whole growth period of cotton, the average evapotranspiration of drip irrigation cotton field under mulch film and under no mulch film were 292.15 and 429.22 mm, respectively. The method of drip irrigation under mulch film can reduce evapotranspiration by 31.95%. (2) The relationship between evapotranspiration and evapotranspiration intensity in different growth stages was as follows: blooming and boll stage > budding stage > boll opening stage > seedling stage. (3) The drip irrigation cotton field condenses from 00:00 to 08:00 and evaporated and transpired from 08:00 to 23:00. The evapotranspiration reached the maximum in the afternoon. The maximum appeared at the earliest stage in seedling stage, and at the latest in blooming and boll stage. (4) Evapotranspiration is positively correlated with wind speed, radiation, and temperature and negatively correlated with humidity and air pressure. (5) Rainfall can promote evapotranspiration in cotton fields under drip irrigation. Overall, drip irrigation under mulch film can effectively reduce the evaporation and improve the water use efficiency in the process of agricultural production.

Key words: evapotranspiration, cotton field under drip irrigation, lysimeter, arid region

刘延雪, 乔长录. 干旱区绿洲膜下滴灌棉田蒸散发[J]. 干旱区研究, 2023, 40(1): 152-162.

LIU Yanxue, QIAO Changlu. Study on evapotranspiration of cotton field under drip irrigation in oasis of arid region[J]. Arid Zone Research, 2023, 40(1): 152-162.

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年份	2019年	2020年	2021年
有效数据数量	3504(146 d)	3696(154 d)	3456(144 d)
Cohen’s Kappa系数	0.87	0.92	0.89

生育期			苗期	蕾期	花铃期	吐絮期	合计
2019年	蒸散量/mm	覆膜	27.45	77.53	141.74	34.68	281.40
	蒸散量/mm	不覆膜	48.65	102.98	200.45	69.92	422.00
	蒸散强度/（mm·d^-1）	覆膜	0.70	2.87	3.37	0.91	1.93
	蒸散强度/（mm·d^-1）	不覆膜	1.25	3.81	4.77	1.84	2.89
	蒸散量(强度)降低率/%		43.58	24.71	29.29	50.40	33.32
2020年	蒸散量/mm	覆膜	31.83	61.95	172.71	36.42	302.91
	蒸散量/mm	不覆膜	60.27	81.00	240.33	65.07	446.66
	蒸散强度/（mm·d^-1）	覆膜	0.78	2.14	3.93	0.91	1.97
	蒸散强度/（mm·d^-1）	不覆膜	1.47	2.79	5.46	1.63	2.90
	蒸散量(强度)降低率/%		47.18	23.52	28.14	44.03	32.18
2021年	蒸散量/mm	覆膜	24.10	41.39	173.43	53.21	292.14
	蒸散量/mm	不覆膜	48.15	68.53	226.88	75.44	419.00
	蒸散强度/(mm·d^-1)	覆膜	0.75	1.53	3.85	1.33	2.03
	蒸散强度/(mm·d^-1)	不覆膜	1.50	2.54	5.04	1.89	2.91
	蒸散量(强度)降低率/%		49.95	39.60	23.56	29.46	30.28

生育阶段	2019年	2020年	2021年
苗期	5月12日	5月12日	5月13日
蕾期	6月17日	6月19日	6月24日
花铃期	8月13日	8月13日	8月13日
吐絮期	9月15日	9月15日	9月15日

分析条件		风速	辐射	气温	湿度	气压	备注
相关系数	覆膜	0.32	0.21	0.49	-0.48	-0.57	P<0.05
相关系数	不覆膜	0.34	0.21	0.47	-0.47	-0.57	P<0.05
线性回归	覆膜	蒸散量=49.59+风速×0.46+辐射×0.01+气温×0.16-湿度×0.07-气压×0.59					R²=0.61
线性回归	不覆膜	蒸散量=88.95+风速×0.66+辐射×0.01+气温×0.15-湿度×0.09-气压×0.99					R²=0.60

分析条件		风速	风向	辐射	气温	湿度	气压	备注
苗期	覆膜	0.833	0.823	0.828	0.839	-0.590	-0.572	P<0.05
苗期	不覆膜	0.815	0.780	0.884	0.787	-0.434	-0.731
蕾期	覆膜	0.744	0.771	0.854	0.782	-0.476	-0.584
蕾期	不覆膜	0.756	0.795	0.839	0.817	-0.429	-0.602
花铃期	覆膜	0.780	0.876	0.833	0.895	-0.673	-0.406
花铃期	不覆膜	0.846	0.920	0.842	0.934	-0.663	-0.432
吐絮期	覆膜	0.758	0.861	0.795	0.896	-0.639	-0.304
吐絮期	不覆膜	0.845	0.867	0.843	0.887	-0.605	-0.480