黄河源草地退化区2种鼠丘土壤风蚀规律

doi:10.13866/j.azr.2022.04.22

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为阐明高寒草地啮齿类动物活动区鼠丘土壤风蚀特征和规律,以青海省河南县鼠害退化区高原鼠兔和高原鼢鼠鼠丘为研究对象,采用野外模拟风力侵蚀试验方法,对2类鼠丘土壤风蚀流失量和养分流失量的特征和规律进行研究,并对该2种鼠丘土壤风蚀差异进行对比和分析。结果表明：（1）在9 m·s^-1的恒风速吹蚀作用下,2种鼠丘土壤颗粒的快速流失主要集中在前15 min内,且高原鼠兔鼠丘土壤流失量显著高于高原鼢鼠鼠丘,约为高原鼢鼠鼠丘土壤流失量的1.5倍。（2）蠕移是鼠丘土壤流失最主要的运动方式,相同时间内2种鼠丘均呈现蠕移量>跃移量>悬移量,其中高原鼠兔鼠丘蠕移量、跃移量和悬移量分别为高原鼢鼠鼠丘的1.45倍、1.58倍、1.50倍。（3）鼠丘土壤养分含量明显低于原生草地土壤层,且养分含量呈现出原生草地土壤>高原鼠兔鼠丘土壤>高原鼢鼠鼠丘土壤。（4）鼠丘土壤养分流失和土壤流失具有相同的规律,养分流失主要取决于土壤颗粒的流失,高原鼠兔鼠丘的各养分含量指标的流失量较高原鼢鼠鼠丘增加1.42~3.53倍。研究结果将为阐述鼠害退化区土壤流失特征,揭示高寒草地退化机理和黄河源草地生态环境保护提供理论依据。

关键词: 黄河源区, 草地退化区, 鼠丘, 土壤风蚀, 养分流失

Abstract:

To clarify the characteristics and rules of soil wind erosion of rodent mounds in alpine grassland, studies were conducted on the Ochotona curzoniae and Eospalax baileyi mounds of He’nan County in Qinghai Province. The characteristics and rules of soil wind erosion and nutrient loss of the two types of rodent mounds were analyzed through a field-simulated wind erosion test, and the differences in soil wind erosion between the two types of rodent mounds were also compared and analyzed. The results of this analysis provide a theoretical basis for elucidating the characteristics of soil loss in rodent-infested degraded areas and reveal the degradation mechanism as well as the possible ways to protect the grassland ecological environment in the Yellow River Source Zone. The key results are as follows: (1) Under the action of 9 m·s^-1 constant wind speed erosion, the loss of soil particles was concentrated in the first 15 min, and the soil loss of the Ochotona curzoniae mound was significantly higher than that of the Eospalax baileyi mound, which was approximately 1.5 times that of the Ochotona curzoniae mound. (2) With respect to the form of soil erosion, the amount of soil lost from the mounds was in the following order: surface creep > saltation > suspension, and the amount of soil lost in each of these forms in the Ochotona curzoniae mound was 1.45, 1.58, and 1.50 times the corresponding values in the Eospalax baileyi mound. (3) The nutrient content of the rodent mound soil was significantly lower than that of the original meadow soil; the order of nutrient content was original meadow soil > Ochotona curzoniae mound soil > Eospalax baileyi mound soil. (4) The soil nutrient loss law was similar to that of the rodent mounds, and the nutrient loss mainly depended on the degree of soil loss. The soil nutrient loss of the Ochotona curzoniae mound was 1.42-3.53 times higher than that of the Eospalax baileyi mound.

Key words: the Yellow River source zone, degraded grassland area, mounds, soil wind erosion, nutrient loss

翟辉,李国荣,李进芳,朱海丽,赵健赟,刘亚斌,陈文婷,胡夏嵩. 黄河源草地退化区2种鼠丘土壤风蚀规律[J]. 干旱区研究, 2022, 39(4): 1212-1221.

ZHAI Hui,LI Guorong,LI Jinfang,ZHU Haili,ZHAO Jianyun,LIU Yabin,CHEN Wenting,HU Xiasong. Soil wind erosion rule of two types of rodent mounds in a degraded grassland area of the Yellow River source zone[J]. Arid Zone Research, 2022, 39(4): 1212-1221.

图/表 14

图1

图2

图3

图4

图5

图6

图7

图8

图9

表1

图10

图11

图12

图13

参考文献 40

[1]	Miehe G, Schleuss P, Elke S, et al. The Kobresia pygmaea ecosystem of the Tibetan highlands: Origin, functioning and degradation of the world’s largest pastoral alpine ecosystem Kobresia pastures of Tibet[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2019, 648: 754-771. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.164
[2]	李国荣, 李希来, 陈文婷, 等. 黄河源区退化草地水土流失规律[J]. 水土保持学报, 2017, 31(5): 51-55.
	[Li Guorong, Li Xilai, Chen Wenting, et al. Experimental study on soil erosion rule of degraded grassland in source area of the Yellow River[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2017, 31(5): 51-55.]
[3]	杨馥铖, 刘昌义, 胡夏嵩, 等. 黄河源区不同退化程度高寒草地理化性质及复合体抗剪强度研究[J]. 干旱区研究, 2022, 39(2): 560-571.
	[Yang Fucheng, Liu Changyi, Hu Xiasong, et al. Study on physical and chemical properties and shear strength characteristics of root-soil composite system with different degradation degrees of alpine grassland in the source region of the Yellow River[J]. Arid Zone Research, 2022, 39(2): 560-571.]
[4]	李国荣, 李希来, 李进芳, 等. 黄河源高寒草甸高原鼠兔土丘的土壤风力侵蚀规律[J]. 水土保持学报, 2019, 33(2): 110-114, 168.
	[Li Guorong, Li Xilai, Li Jinfang, et al. Soil wind erosion law in Ochotona curzoniae mound of alpine meadow in the Yellow River[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2019, 33(2): 110-114, 168.]
[5]	刘义花, 王振宇, 刘彩红, 等. 气候变暖背景下青海省春季干旱时空变化[J]. 干旱区研究, 2020, 37(2): 282-290.
	[Liu Yihua, Wang Zhenyu, Liu Caihong, et al. Research on the variation characteristics of spring drought in the Qinghai Province under the background of climate warming[J]. Arid Zone Research, 2020, 37(2): 282-290.]
[6]	吴成永, 陈克龙, 曹广超, 等. 近30年来青海省风蚀气候侵蚀力时空差异及驱动力分析[J]. 地理研究, 2018, 37(4): 717-730. doi: 10.11821/dlyj201804006
	[Wu Chengyong, Chen Kelong, Cao Guangchao, et al. The spatial and temporal differences and driving forces of wind erosion climatic erosivity in Qinghai Province from 1984 to 2013[J]. Geographical Research, 2018, 37(4): 717-730.] doi: 10.11821/dlyj201804006
[7]	Teng Y M, Zhan J Y, Liu W, et al. Spatiotemporal dynamics and drivers of wind erosion on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China[J]. Ecological Indicators, 2021, 123: 107340. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2021.107340
[8]	Guo Z L, Huang N, Dong Z B, et al. Wind erosion induced soil degradation in northern China: status, measures and perspective[J]. Sustainability, 2014, 6(12): 8951-8966. doi: 10.3390/su6128951
[9]	张正偲, 董治宝. 土壤风蚀对表层土壤粒度特征的影响[J]. 干旱区资源与环境, 2012, 26(12): 86-89.
	[Zhang Zhengcai, Dong Zhibao. The effect of wind erosion on the surface particle size[J]. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment, 2012, 26(12): 86-89.]
[10]	张惜伟, 汪季, 高永, 等. 呼伦贝尔沙质草原风蚀坑表层土壤粒度特征[J]. 干旱区研究, 2017, 34(2): 293-299.
	[Zhang Xiwei, Wang Ji, Gao Yong, et al. Grain size characteristics of topsoil in blowouts on sandy grasslands in Hulun Buir[J]. Arid Zone Research, 2017, 34(2): 293-299.]
[11]	蒙仲举, 王猛, 王淮亮, 等. 基于数字成像技术的风蚀地表颗粒空间异质性[J]. 干旱区研究, 2016, 33(6): 1270-1277.
	[Meng Zhongju, Wang Meng, Wang Huailiang, et al. Spatial heterogenity of soil particles on wind erosion surface based on digital imaging technology[J]. Arid Zone Research, 2016, 33(6): 1270-1277.]
[12]	毛旭芮, 杨建军, 曹月娥, 等. 土壤结皮面积与结皮分布对风蚀影响的风洞模拟研究[J]. 水土保持学报, 2020, 34(3): 1-7.
	[Mao Xurui, Yang Jianjun, Cao Yue’e, et al. Wind tunnel study of soil crust area and distribution affecting on wind erosion[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2020, 34(3): 1-7.]
[13]	尚润阳, 祁有祥, 赵廷宁, 等. 植被对风及土壤风蚀影响的野外观测研究[J]. 水土保持研究, 2006, 13(4): 37-39.
	[Shang Runyang, Qi Youxiang, Zhao Tingning, et al. Field investigation on the influence of vegetation on wind and soil erosion[J]. Research of Soil and Water Conservation, 2006, 13(4): 37-39.]
[14]	Meng Z J, Dang X G, Gao Y, et al. Interactive effects of wind speed, vegetation coverage and soil moisture in controlling wind erosion in a temperate desert steppe, Inner Mongolia of China[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2018, 10(4): 1-14. doi: 10.1007/s40333-017-0036-0
[15]	李昂, 高天鹏, 张鸣, 等. 西北风蚀区植被覆盖对土壤风蚀动态的影响[J]. 水土保持学报, 2014, 28(6): 120-123.
	[Li Ang, Gao Tianpeng, Zhang Ming, et al. Influences of vegetation cover on dynamic changes of soil wind erosion in wind erosion region of Northwest China[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2014, 28(6): 120-123.]
[16]	刘铁军, 赵显波, 赵爱国, 等. 东北黑土地土壤风蚀风洞模拟试验研究[J]. 水土保持学报, 2013, 27(2): 67-70.
	[Liu Tiejun, Zhao Xianbo, Zhao Aiguo, et al. An experimental study of wind erosion wind tunnel simulation on the black soil in Northeast China[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2013, 27(2): 67-70.]
[17]	岳高伟, 贾慧娜, 蔺海晓. 土壤风蚀过程颗粒释放机理研究[J]. 干旱区地理, 2012, 35(2): 248-253.
	[Yue Gaowei, Jia Huina, Lin Haixiao. Release mechanism of soil particles in soil wind erosion[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2012, 35(2): 248-253.]
[18]	邢恩德, 马少薇, 郭建英, 等. 植被盖度对典型草原区地表风沙流结构及风蚀量影响[J]. 水土保持学报, 2015, 22(6): 331-334.
	[Xing Ende, Ma Shaowei, Guo Jianying, et al. Effect of vegetation cover on sandstorm structure and rate of wind erosion in typical steppe[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2015, 22(6): 331-334.]
[19]	Yan Y C, Xin X P, Xu X L, et al. Quantitative effects of wind erosion on the soil texture and soil nutrients under different vegetation coverage in a semiarid steppe of northern China[J]. Plant and Soil, 2013, 369(1): 585-598. doi: 10.1007/s11104-013-1606-3
[20]	申紫雁, 刘昌义, 胡夏嵩, 等. 黄河源区高寒草地不同深度土壤理化性质与抗剪强度关系研究[J]. 干旱区研究, 2021, 38(2): 392-401.
	[Shen Ziyan, Liu Changyi, Hu Xiasong, et al. Relationships between the physical and chemical properties of soil and the shear strength of root-soil composite systems at different soil depths in alpine grassland in the source region of the Yellow River[J]. Arid Zone Research, 2021, 38(2): 392-401.]
[21]	Li G R, Li X L, Li J F, et al. Influences of plateau zokor burrowing on soil erosion and nutrient loss in alpine meadows in the Yellow River source zone of west China[J]. Water, 2019, 11(11): 1-16. doi: 10.3390/w11010001
[22]	刘文玲, 马育军, 吴艺楠, 等. 青海湖流域高原鼠兔扰动对不同地表类型土壤水分特征的影响[J]. 中国水土保持科学, 2017, 15(2): 62-69.
	[Liu Wenling, Ma Yujun, Wu Yi’nan, et al. Effects of plateau pika’s disturbance on soil moisture characteristics of different land surface types in Qinghai Lake watershed[J]. Science of Soil and Water Conservation, 2017, 15(2): 62-69.]
[23]	王红兰, 蒋舜媛, 崔俊芳, 等. 不同形成时间鼢鼠鼠丘土壤水力学性质的对比[J]. 水土保持学报, 2018, 32(3): 180-184.
	[Wang Honglan, Jiang Shunyuan, Cui Junfang, et al. Hydraulic properties of zokor mounds with different forming time in zoige grassland[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2018, 32(3): 180-184.]
[24]	谈静, 才文代吉, 王海春, 等. 青藏高原高寒草甸鼠丘剥蚀特征及影响因素[J]. 中国草地学报, 2020, 42(1): 147-153.
	[Tan Jing, Cai Wendaiji, Wang Haichun, et al. Comparative study on erosion characteristics and influencing factors of pika mound soil in alpine meadow of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau[J]. Chinese Journal of Grassland, 2020, 42(1): 147-153.]
[25]	周延山, 花立民, 楚彬, 等. 祁连山东段高原鼢鼠对高寒草甸危害评价[J]. 生态学报, 2016, 36(18): 5922-5930.
	[Zhou Yanshan, Hua Limin, Chu Bin, et al. Assessment of damage caused by plateau zokor to an alpine meadow in eastern Qilian Mountains[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2016, 36(18): 5922-5930.]
[26]	Chen J J, Yi S H, Yu Q. The contribution of plateau pika disturbance and erosion on patchy alpine grassland soil on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau: Implications for grassland restoration[J]. Geoderma, 2017, 297: 1-9. doi: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2017.03.001
[27]	Pang X P, Guo Z G. Plateau pika disturbances alter plant productivity and soil nutrients in alpine meadows of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau[J]. The Rangeland Journal, 2017, 39(2): 133-144. doi: 10.1071/RJ16093
[28]	Pan T, Zou X T, Liu Y J, et al. Contributions of climatic and non-climatic drivers to grassland variations on the Tibetan Plateau[J]. Ecological Engineering, 2017, 108: 307-317. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2017.07.039
[29]	Hafzullah A, Ebru E, Gokmen T. Empirical sediment transport models based on indoor rainfall simulation and erosion flume experimental data[J]. Land Degradation & Development, 2017, 28: 1320-1328. doi: 10.1002/ldr.2555
[30]	Momm H G, Wells R R, Bennett S J. Disaggregating soil erosion processes within an evolving experimental landscape[J]. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 2018, 43: 543-552. doi: 10.1002/esp.4268
[31]	Bardgett D, Bullock M, Lavorel S, et al. Combatting global grassland degradation[J]. Nature Reviews Earth & Environment, 2021, 10(2): 720-735.
[32]	张卫红, 苗彦军, 赵玉红, 等. 高原鼠兔对西藏邦杰塘高寒草甸的影响[J]. 草业学报, 2018, 27(1): 115-122.
	[Zhang Weihong, Miao Yanjun, Zhao Yuhong, et al. Effects of plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae) on alpine meadow in Tibet[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2018, 27(1): 115-122.]
[33]	马素洁, 周建伟, 王福成, 等. 高寒草甸区高原鼢鼠新生土丘水土流失特征[J]. 水土保持学报, 2019, 33(5): 58-63.
	[Ma Sujie, Zhou Jianwei, Wang Fucheng, et al. Effect of soil erosion of plateau zokor new mound in alpine meadow[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2019, 33(5): 58-63.]
[34]	陆阿飞. 三江源区河南县草地植被退化状况及解决措施[J]. 青海畜牧兽医杂志, 2014, 44(6): 57-58.
	[Lu Afei. Degradation of grassland vegetation and its solution in Henan County, Sanjiangyuan Region[J]. Chinese Qinghai Journal of Animal Science and Veterinary Sciences, 2014, 44(6): 57-58.]
[35]	李延林, 许存平, 许显花. 近50 a青海黄南州降水变化特征[J]. 干旱区研究, 2012, 29(5): 854-861.
	[Li Yanlin, Xu Cunping, Xu Xianhua. Analysis on precipitation in Huangnan Qinghai Province in recent 50 years[J]. Arid Zone Research, 2012, 29(5): 854-861.]
[36]	Li X L, Gao J, Brierley G, et al. Rangeland degradation on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau: Implications for rehabilitation[J]. Land Degradation & Development, 2013, 24: 72-80. doi: 10.1002/ldr.1108
[37]	罗利芳, 张科利, 孔亚平, 等. 青藏高原地区水土流失时空分异特征[J]. 水土保持学报, 2004, 18(1): 58-62.
	[Luo Lifang, Zhang Keli, Kong Yaping, et al. Temporal and spatial distribution of soil loss on Tibet-Qing Plateau[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2004, 18(1): 58-62.]
[38]	张春来, 宋长青, 王振亭, 等. 土壤风蚀过程研究回顾与展望[J]. 地球科学进展, 2018, 33(1): 27-41. doi: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2018.01.0027
	[Zhang Chunlai, Song Changqing, Wang Zhenting, et al. Review and prospect of the study on soil wind erosion process[J]. Advances in Earth Science, 2018, 33(1): 27-41.] doi: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2018.01.0027
[39]	王萍, 胡文文, 郑晓静. 沙粒的跃移与悬移[J]. 中国科学(G辑: 物理学力学天文学), 2008, 38(7): 908-918.
	[Wang Ping, Hu Wenwen, Zheng Xiaojing. Saltation and suspension of sand grains[J]. Science in China (Series G: Physics, Mechanics and Astronomy), 2008, 38(7): 908-918.]
[40]	Bagnold R A. The Physics of Blown Sand and Desert Dunes[M]. New York, USA: Chapman and Hall, 1941.

类别	全氮 /（g·kg^-1）	全磷 /（g·kg^-1）	全钾 /（g·kg^-1）	碱解氮 /（mg·kg^-1）	速效磷 /（mg·kg^-1）	速效钾 /（mg·kg^-1）	有机质 /（g·kg^-1）
原生草地	2.88	1.62	19.59	210	9.9	163	55.26
高原鼠兔鼠丘	2	1.29	19.53	200	6.9	152	38.01
高原鼢鼠鼠丘	1.39	1.25	20.5	128	5.6	64	24.78