黄河源区玛曲3次积雪过程能量平衡特征

doi:10.13866/j.azr.2018.06.09

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 利用中国科学院黄河源区气候与环境综合观测研究站2011年12月至2012年3月的观测资料，对比分析了黄河源区玛曲3次积雪过程地表辐射和能量平衡特征，结果表明：受雪面较大反照率的影响，降雪后净辐射减小显著，3次降雪前、后净辐射分别为154、200、210 W·m^-2和93、129、130 W·m^-2。3次降雪后及融雪后，地—气能量交换受天气条件和土壤冻融状态的影响较大：第1次降雪后较低的气温和地表温度并没有影响冻结土壤原本就较弱的蒸发能力，潜热通量在降雪前、后及融雪后量值较小且相差不大；第2次降雪后的2月18日，较大的风速（≥4 m·s^-1）和较强的太阳辐射加快了积雪的升华，潜热通量量值较大，日均值高达118 W·m^-2，风速与潜热通量同步变化，且峰值同时出现（分别为15m·s^-1和300 W·m^-2），积雪升华消耗能量使地表温度降低并低于气温，出现负感热通量，日均值为-8 W·m^-2，峰值达-40 W·m^-2，融雪后感、潜热通量很快达到降雪前的水平；第3次降雪后的2月29日至3月3日，浅层土壤温度由-1 ℃逐渐上升并维持在冻土可融化温度-0.18 ℃左右，冻土壤融化吸收热量，潜热通量与降雪前相比增加不明显，3月4日是积雪融化的最后一天，较湿的土壤和融雪水蒸发释放潜热，潜热通量较3月3日显著增大；积雪融化后，潜热通量受浅层土壤蒸发能力增强的影响较降雪前明显增大。

关键词: 积雪, 辐射, 感热通量, 潜热通量, 能量平衡, 玛曲, 黄河源区

Abstract: In this study, the meteorological data observed at Maqu Station for Climate and Environment Integrated Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences during the period from December 2011 to March 2012 were used. The purposes of the study were to compare and analyze the surface radiation and energy balance in three snow cover processes under the different conditions of soil freezing and thawing as well meteorological conditions in the headwaters of the Yellow River. The results showed that the net radiation was decreased significantly after snowfall, and the net radiations before and after snowfall were 154, 200 and 210 W·m^-2 and 93, 129 and 130 W·m^-2 respectively. After three times of snowfall and snowmelt, the ground-air energy exchange was strongly affected by weather conditions and soil freezing and thawing: after the first snowfall, the low temperature and land surface temperature did not affect the weak evaporation capacity of frozen soil, the latent heat flux and its difference before and after snowfall and snowmelt were low. On February 18 after second snowfall, the high wind speed (≥ 4 m·s-1) and strong solar radiation accelerated the sublimation of snow cover, the latent heat flux was high with a daily average of 118 W·m^-2, the wind speed and latent heat flux changed synchronously, and their peak values of 15m·s^-1 and 300 W·m^-2 occurred simultaneously. The sublimation energy consumption of snow cover reduced the surface temperature and was lower than the air temperature, and a negative sensible heat flux occurred with a daily average of -8 W·m^-2 and a peak value of -40 W·m^-2. After snowmelt, the latent heat flux and sensible heat flux reached their levels before snowfall. During the period from February 29 to March 3 after the third time of snowfall, the shallow soil temperature was gradually increased from -1 ℃ and maintained at -0.18 ℃, the frozen soil absorbed heat, the increase of latent heat flux was not significant compared with that before snowfall. March 4 was the last day of snowmelt, latent heat was released from damp soil and snowmelt water evaporation, the latent heat flux was increased significantly compared with that on March 3. After snowmelt, the effect of shallow soil evaporation capacity on the latent heat flux was increased significantly compared with that before snowfall.

Key words: snow cover, radiation, sensible heat, latent heat, energy balance, Maqu, headwaters, the Yellow River

李丹华，文莉娟，隆霄，陈世强，刘卫平，卢国阳. 黄河源区玛曲3次积雪过程能量平衡特征[J]. 干旱区研究, 2018, 35(6): 1327-1335.

LI Dan-hua, WEN Li-juan, LONG Xiao, CHEN Shi-qiang, LIU Wei-ping, LU Guo-yang. Energy Balance During Three Snow Cover Processes at Maqu in the Headwaters of the Yellow River[J]. , 2018, 35(6): 1327-1335.

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